ソレン ニ オケル キョウセイ ロウドウ ト ケンセツ シュウジン ト ホリョ ワ ドノヨウニ ロウドウ リヨウ サレタカ

ロシア革命後、ソヴェト当局は反革命勢力などを弾圧するために、収容所を設けた。その後、ソ連邦が成立すると、白海に浮かぶソロヴェツキー島に本格的な強制労働収容所が建設された。1930年代のスターリン時代には、インフラ整備などで労働力が必要なことから、強制労働収容所とそれを管理運営するグラーグ(収容所管理総局)システムが必要に応じて構築されていった。その切っ掛けを提案したのは、自らも最初は囚人であったフレンケリであった。30年代の大粛清などにより無実の人が逮捕され、新しく建設された強制労働収容所で過酷な無賃労働を強いられた。また、第二次世界大戦期には、ドイツ軍や日本軍などの捕虜も同様の労働を強いられた。その結果、スターリン時代に、数百万もの人々が死亡した。1953年スターリンの死とともに、この強制労働システムは急速に崩壊し、囚人や捕虜は釈放されていった。しかし、これらの強制労働はソ連の産業に貢献したが、長い目で見るとソ連崩壊の一因になった

ESTIMATION OF RUNNING INJURY RISKS USING WEARABLE SENSORS

This research estimates running pattern characteristics that relate to running injury risks quantitatively and simply from a real-environment running motion. Wearable inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensors are used to provide a simple measurement of the running patterns in a real environment. We then measure an experimental running motion in detail in the laboratory using both large-scale devices and wearable sensors, and build correlational models between the conventional parameters related to running injury risks and parameters from wearable sensors. These correlational models realize a quantitative and simple estimation of running pattern characteristics related to running injury risks from a real-environment running motion. Our models estimate that fatigue, grounding style, pronation, and grounding impact have a high correlation with injury risk by the conventional methods. A feedback of these parameters and shoe selection based on these information would contribute to a reduction of running injuries

Spinal Surgery after Bilateral Subthalamic Stimulation for Patients with Parkinson's Disease: A Retrospective Outcome Analysis of Pain and Functional Control

Parkinson's disease (PD) patients often suffer from spinal diseases requiring surgeries, although the risk of complications is high. There are few reports on outcomes after spinal surgery for PD patients with deep brain stimulation (DBS). The objective of this study was to explore the data on spinal surgery for PD patients with precedent DBS. We evaluated 24 consecutive PD patients with 28 spinal surgeries from 2007 to 2017 who received at least a 2-year follow-up. The characteristics and outcomes of PD patients after spinal surgery were compared to those of 156 non-PD patients with degenerative spinal diseases treated in 2013-2017. Then, the characteristics, outcomes, and spinal alignment of PD patients receiving DBS were analyzed in degenerative spinal/ lumbar diseases. The mean age at the time of spinal surgery was 68 years. The Hoehn and Yahr score regarding PD was stage 1 for 8 patients, stage 2 for 2 patients, stage 3 for 8 patients, stage 4 for 10 patients, and stage 5 for 0 patient. The median preoperative L-DOPA equivalent daily dose was 410 mg. Thirteen patients (46%) received precedent subthalamic nucleus (STN) DBS. Lumbar lesions with pain were common, and operation and anesthesia times were long in PD patients. Pain and functional improvement of PD patients persisted for 2 years after surgery with a higher complication rate than for non-PD patients. PD patients with STN DBS maintained better lumbar lordosis for 2 years after spinal surgery. STN DBS significantly maintained spinal alignment with subsequent pain and functional amelioration 2 years after surgery. The outcomes of spinal surgery for PD patients might be favorably affected by thorough treatment for PD including DBS

GPCR-mediated calcium and cAMP signaling determines psychosocial stress susceptibility and resiliency

ストレスに強い脳と弱い脳のメカニズム解明 --うつ病の脳のしくみ解明へ前進--. 京都大学プレスリリース. 2023-04-06.Chronic stress increases the risk of developing psychiatric disorders, including mood and anxiety disorders. Although behavioral responses to repeated stress vary across individuals, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we perform a genome-wide transcriptome analysis of an animal model of depression and patients with clinical depression and report that dysfunction of the Fos-mediated transcription network in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) confers a stress-induced social interaction deficit. Critically, CRISPR-Cas9–mediated ACC Fos knockdown causes social interaction deficits under stressful situation. Moreover, two classical second messenger pathways, calcium and cyclic AMP, in the ACC during stress differentially modulate Fos expression and regulate stress-induced changes in social behaviors. Our findings highlight a behaviorally relevant mechanism for the regulation of calcium- and cAMP-mediated Fos expression that has potential as a therapeutic target for psychiatric disorders related to stressful environments

Usefulness of the waterless method for surgical hand washing：A comparison with the conventional scrub method

To evaluate the usefulness of the waterless hand washing method for surgical anti-sepsis, we conducted a microbial sampling study, comparing it to a conventional surgical scrub method. A total of 18 operating-room nurses were undertaking the following three-hand washing protocols : scrubbing with blushes using 4w/v% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) and also rubbing with CHG, followed by application of a 0.2w/v% CHG with ethanol (HS) preparation. (conventional method); rubbing with CHG and application of HS (two-stage surgical scrub method; TSS); rubbing with anti-septic soap and application of HS (waterless method; WL). Microbial sampling was conducted after hand washing using the glove juice method. No statistically significant differences in bacterial numbers were found among these three methods. The number of bacterially positive subjects was significantly higher in the conventional method than the TSS method. These results indicate that there are adverse effects of blush-scrubbing, as the detected bacteria were related to normal skin flora. As such, the WL method for hand anti-sepsis appears to be equivalent to the conventional surgical scrubbing method in terms of microbial detection. The WL method should therefore be introduced as a standard hand anti-sepsis method at the time of surgery because it is cost-effective as well as time-efficient