Implementación de un método de análisis de la estabilidad oxidativa de margarinas y mejora de la misma mediante adición de productos vegetales

La oxidación lipídica es el principal proceso de deterioro de los aceites y grasas que afecta negativamente en el sabor de los alimentos y su valor nutricional. Recientes estudios llevados a cabo en aceites, demuestran que la estabilidad oxidativa de los mismos depende del tipo y proporción de ácidos grasos que contienen y también de otros factores que favorecen su estabilidad, como los antioxidantes. Por ello, se han realizado muchos estudios de análisis de estabilidad oxidativa de aceites a diferentes temperaturas midiendo el tiempo de inducción. En esta investigación, se realizó un estudio de implementación de un método de análisis de estabilidad oxidativa de margarinas, que resultan ser emulsiones W/O. El estudio de las margarinas presenta mayor dificultad puesto que la presencia de agua interfiere en el análisis. Por ello, fue necesario optimizar la cantidad de margarina de la muestra, las temperaturas de trabajo, la adaptación del equipo, etc. Se realizó un análisis de dos margarinas de diferente composición en ácidos grasos a 90, 100, 110 y 120 ± 1,6 ºC. Además, se decidió completar la investigación con el estudio de la estabilidad oxidativa de la margarina como respuesta a la adición de dos especias diferentes (R. officinalis y C. longa) mediante el test de Rancimat. Los resultados obtenidos, mostraron que la cantidad de margarina óptima a la hora de trabajar con el Rancimat resultó ser de 3,0 ± 0,001 g, para una temperatura de 120 ± 1,6ºC y un flujo de aire de 20 L/h y que la activación del parámetro de supresión 1,5 h junto con el uso del separador de aceites es esencial para una correcta evaluación del IP. Además, el estudio llevado a cabo con dos margarinas de diferente composición en AGS/AGI demostró como la estabilidad oxidativa en margarinas con mayor contenido en AGS, es significativamente mayor con respecto a margarinas que presentan menor porcentaje de estos. El tiempo que tardó en oxidarse la muestra Naturlí, con un 26% AGS y un 45% AGI (10,415 ± 0,45 h), fue significativamente más alto que el respectivo a la misma temperatura de la muestra Tulipán (3,65 ± 0,20 h), con un 15% AGS y 41% AGI. Se completó la presente investigación a través el estudio de la estabilidad oxidativa de la margarina como repuesta al tratamiento con cúrcuma y romero. El romero mostró la máxima eficacia antioxidante en comparación con la cúrcuma. El mayor incremento se mostró a 120 y 110 ± 1,6 ºC con un aumento de 2,25 ± 0,20 h y 2,54 ± 0,27 h con respecto a la margarina control.Lipid oxidation is the main process of deterioration of oils and fats that negatively affects the taste of food and its nutritional value. Recent studies carried out on oils, show that their oxidative stability depends on the type and proportion of fatty acids they contain and also on other factors that favor their stability, such as antioxidants. For this reason, many studies have been carried out analyzing the oxidative stability of oils at different temperatures by measuring the induction time. In this research, an implementation study of an oxidative stability analysis method of margarines was carried out, which turn out to be W / O emulsions. The study of margarines is more difficult since the presence of water interferes with the analysis. Therefore, it was necessary to optimize the amount of margarine in the sample, the working temperatures, the adaptation of the equipment, etc. An analysis was made of two margarines of different composition in fatty acids at 90, 100, 110 and 120 ± 1.6 ºC. In addition, it was decided to complete the investigation with the study of the oxidative stability of margarine in response to the addition of two different spices (rosemary and turmeric) through the Rancimat test. The results obtained showed that the optimum margarine quantity when working with the Rancimat was 3.0 ± 0.001 g, for a temperature of 120 ± 1.6 ºC and an air flow of 20 L / h and that the activation of the 1.5 h suppression parameter together with the use of the oil separator, is essential for a correct evaluation of the IP. In addition, the study carried out with two margarines of different composition in SFA / UFA demonstrated how the oxidative stability in margarines with higher content in SFA, is significantly higher with respect to margarines that present lower percentage of these. The time it took to oxidize the Naturlí sample, with 26% SFA and 45% UFA (10,415 ± 0,45), was significantly higher than the respective one at the same temperature of the Tulipán sample (3,65 ± 0, 20 h), with 15% SFA and 41% UFA. The present investigation was completed through the study of the oxidative stability of margarine as a response to the treatment with turmeric and rosemary. Rosemary showed maximum antioxidant efficacy compared to turmeric. The greatest increase was shown at 120 and 110 ° C with an increase of 2.25 ± 0.20 h and 2.54 ± 0.27 h compared to the control margarine.Biotecnologí

Duelo, subjetividad y sociedad posmoderna

La presente investigación tiene como propósito indagar si el cambio producido en la sociedad posmoderna incide en los procesos de duelo. La misma tiene por objetivos generales caracterizar el duelo desde la perspectiva psicoanalítica, abordando el concepto desde Freud y Lacan, como describir la constitución subjetiva por estos mismos autores. En segunda instancia se propuso caracterizar a la sociedad posmoderna y observar si sus efectos influyen en los procesos de duelo. El procedimiento metodológico se realizó a través de la articulación teórico-clínica de un caso. Entre los principales resultados que arrojó la investigación se puede destacar que la elaboración del duelo de un sujeto es particular y única, enmarcado en un contexto en el que las características atribuidas a la sociedad posmoderna no favorecen su tramitación. En ese contexto posmoderno, todo se exige que sea 8 inmediato, rápido no respetando los tiempos requeridos por cada sujeto para elaborar el duelo.This research aims to investigate whether the change in postmodern society affects the grieving process. Its general objectives are to characterize the greving from a psychoanalytic perspective, addressing the concept from Freud and Lacan, and describe the subjective constitution by the same authors. Secondly it was proposed to characterize postmodern society and see if their effects influence the grieving process. The methodological procedure was performed through the theoretical articulation of a clinical case. Among the main findings of the research can be noted that the elaboration of mourning of a subject is individual and unique, set in a context in which the characteristics attributed to postmodern society do not favor its processing. In this postmodern context, it is required that everything be immediate, fast, not respecting the time required by each subject to grieve.Fil: Di Mura, Jessica Romin

Efecto antioxidante de Chondrus crispus y Lentinula edodes en diferentes margarinas

Lipid oxidation is the reaction responsible for food degradation. To solve this problem the agri-food industry uses antioxidants, preservatives and chemical stabilizers. Currently, there is an increasingly strong demand for healthier eating. Because of this, the industry is increasingly interested in replacing chemical compounds with natural products of equal or greater effective-ness. This project studies the oxidative stability, both qualitative and quantitative, of margarines of different compositions when independently adding dehydrated material from a fungus (Len-tinula edodes) and a seaweed (Chondrus crispus) that are known for their antioxidant activity. To achieve this, Rancimat equipment was used at different temperatures: 110, 120, 130 and 140 ± 1.6 ºC. comparing treated margarine samples to their respective controls. The results varied depending on the temperatures used, the composition of margarines and the natural antioxidants added. The results show that margarines with a lower proportion of unsaturated fatty acids, and especially polyunsaturated fatty acids, have greater oxidative stability. Oxidative stability was higher when the fungus was added compared to seaweed.La oxidación lipídica es la reacción responsable de la degradación de los alimentos, para solventar este problema la industria agroalimentaria utiliza antioxidantes, conservantes y estabilizantes químicos. Actualmente hay una demanda cada vez más fuerte de una alimentación más saluda-ble; debido a esto, la industria está cada vez más interesada en sustituir los compuestos químicos por productos naturales de igual o mayor efectividad. En este proyecto se estudia la estabilidad oxidativa en margarinas de distinta composición, tanto cualitativa como cuantitativa, al adicio-nar de forma independiente material deshidratado procedente de un hongo (Lentinula edodes) y de un alga (Chondrus crispus), que se caracterizan por tener actividad antioxidante. Para ello, se utilizó un equipo Rancimat a diferentes temperaturas: 110 ºC, 120 ºC, 130 ºC y 140 ºC ± 1.6 ºC, comparando las muestras de margarinas tratadas con sus respectivos controles. Los resultados variaron según las temperaturas empleadas, la composición de las margarinas y los antioxidantes naturales añadidos. Los resultados muestran que la margarina con menor proporción en ácidos grasos insaturados, y especialmente de poliinsaturados, presenta mayor estabilidad oxidativa y que esta aumenta en mayor grado cuando se añade el hongo con respecto a la adición del alga.Ciencias Experimentale

Discutindo a educação ambiental no cotidiano escolar: desenvolvimento de projetos na escola formação inicial e continuada de professores

A presente pesquisa buscou discutir como a Educação Ambiental (EA) vem sendo trabalhada, no Ensino Fundamental e como os docentes desta escola compreendem e vem inserindo a EA no cotidiano escolar., em uma escola estadual do município de Tangará da Serra/MT, Brasil. Para tanto, realizou-se entrevistas com os professores que fazem parte de um projeto interdisciplinar de EA na escola pesquisada. Verificou-se que o projeto da escola não vem conseguindo alcançar os objetivos propostos por: desconhecimento do mesmo, pelos professores; formação deficiente dos professores, não entendimento da EA como processo de ensino-aprendizagem, falta de recursos didáticos, planejamento inadequado das atividades. A partir dessa constatação, procurou-se debater a impossibilidade de tratar do tema fora do trabalho interdisciplinar, bem como, e principalmente, a importância de um estudo mais aprofundado de EA, vinculando teoria e prática, tanto na formação docente, como em projetos escolares, a fim de fugir do tradicional vínculo “EA e ecologia, lixo e horta”.Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educació

Emotional Availability, Parenting Behavior Perceptions, Child Temperament and Parent Personality Characteristics in Mothers and Their 8 to 16 Month Olds

The aim of this study was to examine patterns of emotional availability (EA) among 30 mothers and their 8 to 16 month-old infants, and to identify individual and contextual factors associated with the different patterns as well as mothers\u27 views on parenting behaviors. The mother-infant dyad is conceptualized as a system, which incorporates emotional transactions and communications. This system incorporates parent and child factors, which interact with each other on many levels. It was expected that maternal emotional availability would be significantly associated with values and perceptions of positive parenting behaviors, as well as mothers\u27 positive personality characteristics. Further, it was expected that child emotional availability would be associated with child temperament factors. Infants and mothers participated in a videotaped play session which was coded using the Emotional Availability Scales-4 th Edition (Biringen, 2008). The expectation that maternal EA would be positively related to positive parenting behavior perceptions was partially supported. A key finding of this study was that the values mothers reported for their parenting behavior were also observed with the EA observational system. In addition, by exploring effect sizes, moderate relationships were found between maternal personality factors and EA. Further, significant relationships were found between maternal EA factors and child temperament. In an interaction with personality and maternal emotional availability, features of child temperament were found to evoke different parenting responses from caregivers with different personality characteristics, specifically levels of neuroticism. In the current study, the maternal personality trait neuroticism and child positive affectivity differentially corresponded to how mothers respond to their children as measured by the Emotional Availability Scales sensitivity

Combined Use of Cyclodextrins and Amino Acids for the Development of Cefixime Oral Solutions for Pediatric Use

Cefixime (CEF) is a cephalosporin included in the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children. Liquid formulations are considered the best choice for pediatric use, due to their great ease of administration and dose-adaptability. Owing to its very low aqueous solubility and poor stability, CEF is only available as a powder for oral suspensions, which can lead to reduced compliance by children, due to its unpleasant texture and taste, and possible non-homogeneous dosage. The aim of this work was to develop an oral pediatric CEF solution endowed with good palatability, exploiting the solubilizing and taste-masking properties of cyclodextrins (CDs), joined to the use of amino acids as an auxiliary third component. Solubility studies indicated sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin (SBEβCD) and Histidine (His) as the most effective CD and amino acid, respectively, even though no synergistic effect on drug solubility improvement by their combined use was found. Molecular Dynamic and 1H-NMR studies provided insight into the interactions of binary CEF:His and ternary CEF:His:SBEβCD systems used to prepare CEF solutions, which resulted stable and maintained unchanged antimicrobial activity during the two-weeks-use in therapy. The ternary solution was superior in terms of more tolerable pH (5.6 vs. 4.7) and better palatability, being resulted completely odorless by a panel test

Post-natalizumab clinical and radiological findings in a cohort of multiple sclerosis patients: 12-month follow-up

There is an urgent need to identify the best strategies to prevent the loss of natalizumab (N) beneficial effects after its suspension. The objective is to evaluate the clinical and radiological disease activity and to test the efficacy of immunomodulatory/immunosuppressive drugs (IT) after N suspension. Clinical and radiological data from 54 patients 2 years before treatment (pre-N), during treatment (on-N) and after interruption, during 1-year follow-up (post-N) were retrospectively collected. Annualized relapse rate (ARR), expanded disability status scale (EDSS), presence of new T2 lesions and Gd+ (gadolinium enhancing) T1 lesions were evaluated. Pre-N ARR at 1 year was 1.74 while post-N ARR was 0.94 (p = 0.0053). We observed that post-N disease activity never raised over pre-N levels, neither post-N ARR nor post-N EDSS. In patients retreated with N after suspension, post-N ARR was significantly lower than pre-N ARR (p = 0.017), but not in patients treated with other IT or in patients not treated with any disease modifying drugs (DMD). The mean time of freedom from new T2 lesions and new Gd+ lesions was lower in post-N period compared to on-N (T2 lesions p = 0.0000, Gd+ lesions p = 0.0000). In conclusion, a “rebound” pattern was not identified in our cohort, though the disease activity rapidly returned after N, regardless of the treatment used

Immunoprofiling Identifies Functional B and T Cell Subsets Induced by an Attenuated Whole Parasite Malaria Vaccine as Correlates of Sterile Immunity

Immune correlates of protection remain elusive for most vaccines. An identified immune correlate would accelerate the down-selection of vaccine formulations by reducing the need for human pathogen challenge studies that are currently required to determine vaccine efficacy. Immunization via mosquito-delivered, radiation-attenuated P. falciparum sporozoites (IMRAS) is a well-established model for efficacious malaria vaccines, inducing greater than 90% sterile immunity. The current immunoprofiling study utilized samples from a clinical trial in which vaccine dosing was adjusted to achieve only 50% protection, thus enabling a comparison between protective and non-protective immune signatures. In-depth immunoprofiling was conducted by assessing a wide range of antigen-specific serological and cellular parameters and applying our newly developed computational tools, including machine learning. The computational component of the study pinpointed previously un-identified cellular T cell subsets (namely, TNFα-secreting CD8+CXCR3−CCR6− T cells, IFNγ-secreting CD8+CCR6+ T cells and TNFα/FNγ-secreting CD4+CXCR3−CCR6− T cells) and B cell subsets (i.e., CD19+CD24hiCD38hiCD69+ transitional B cells) as important factors predictive of protection (92% accuracy). Our study emphasizes the need for in-depth immunoprofiling and subsequent data integration with computational tools to identify immune correlates of protection. The described process of computational data analysis is applicable to other disease and vaccine models

What do multiple sclerosis patients and their caregivers perceive as unmet needs?

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) has a major impact on the physical, psychological and social life of patients and their families. The aim of this study was to evaluate the different perceptions of patients and caregivers about management of MS, particularly about the same items, to gather information to ameliorate the care of patients.Methods: We evaluated what MS patients and caregivers perceive as unmet needs and compared patients' opinions with caregivers' opinions using a multidimensional questionnaire. The questionnaire was specifically designed for the study, taking into account different aspects of the global care perceived by patients and care givers, such as information about MS, medical treatment and rehabilitation, patients' relationships with medical staff and their psychological and social life.Results: We administered the questionnaire to 497 patients and 206 caregivers. Results showed that the majority of participants were satisfied with medical staff but expressed a desire that staff be more forthcoming with information about MS. As for medical treatment concerns, more patients found there to be useful a multidisciplinary approach than caregivers did. Both required psychological support for patients but patients felt a greater need for it at the time of diagnosis, whereas caregivers felt it was required post-diagnosis. Both reported significant strains on patient relationships at work but no effect on other social interactions.Conclusions: A better understanding of MS patient needs, starting from the point of view of patients and caregivers, could have a great impact on quality of life and on management of the disease. © 2013 Lorefice et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd