How do role conflict intensity and coping strategies affect the success of women entrepreneurs in Africa? Evidence from Ethiopia

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Common internal parasites encountered in donkeys in Kiambu District, Kenya

In six donkeys examined at postmortem, several species of internal parasites were encountered. Dictyocaulus arnfieldi, Gastrophilus intestinalis, Strongylus vulgaris, S. edentatus were each isolated from 100% of the donkeys. Cylicocylus radiatus and Strongylus equines were isolated from 83% and 67% of the examined donkeys respectively, while Cyathostomu m coronatum were each isolated from 50% and Paranoplocephala mamillana, Anoplocephala perfoliata and Cyathostomum coronatum were each isolated from 33%. The others were Habronema muscae, Trichostrongylus axei, Tridontophorus tenuicollis, Parascaris equorum, Trichonema tetracum and Cretorestom acuticulator isolated from 17% each. The Kenya Veterinarian Vol. 21 2001: pp. 49-5

Preliminary Findings on the Carrier Status of Pasteurella multocida in Farmed and Traded Healthy-appearing Scavenging Indigenous Chickens and Ducks in Kenya

One hundred and twenty three indigenous chickens and 24 ducks reared under free range scavenging system were examined for the carrier status of Pasteurella multocida. Both the oropharynyngeal and cloacal swab samples were examined for the presence of the organisms by means of mouse passage and inoculation into blood agar. Of these, 53 chickens and 24 ducks were from different smallholder farms in Nairobi, and Machakos districts, 41 chickens were from various slaughterhouses in Nairobi, while 29 were market chickens obtained from various market centers in Nairobi. The traded (market and slaughter) chickens all originated from rural districts in various parts of the country. From the 123 chickens examined, Pasteurella multocida subspecies were isolated only from four birds. The isolates were recovered from the traded chickens only. Pasteurella organisms were not from any of the 24 ducks. On the basis of biochemical characterization, the organisms were differentiated as P. multocida multocida (1/4), P. multocida septica (1/4) and P. multocida gallicida (2/4). This study suggests that healthy traded poultry could be carriers of Pasteurella multocida. It describes the first report of Pasteurella multocida isolation from indigenous birds in Kenya. Kenya Veterinarian Vol. 31 (1) 2007: pp. 1-

Identification and characterization of influenza A viruses in selected domestic animals in Kenya, 2010-2012

<div><p>Background</p><p>Influenza A virus subtypes in non-human hosts have not been characterized in Kenya. We carried out influenza surveillance in selected domestic animals and compared the virus isolates with isolates obtained in humans during the same period.</p><p>Methods</p><p>We collected nasal swabs from pigs, dogs and cats; oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs from poultry; and blood samples from all animals between 2010 and 2012. A standardized questionnaire was administered to farmers and traders. Swabs were tested for influenza A by rtRT-PCR, virus isolation and subtyping was done on all positive swabs. All sera were screened for influenza A antibodies by ELISA, and positives were evaluated by hemagglutination inhibition (HI). Full genome sequencing was done on four selected pig virus isolates.</p><p>Results</p><p>Among 3,798 sera tested by ELISA, influenza A seroprevalence was highest in pigs (15.9%; 172/1084), 1.2% (3/258) in ducks, 1.4% (1/72) in cats 0.6% (3/467) in dogs, 0.1% (2/1894) in chicken and 0% in geese and turkeys. HI testing of ELISA-positive pig sera showed that 71.5% had positive titers to A/California/04/2009(H1N1). Among 6,289 swabs tested by rRT-PCR, influenza A prevalence was highest in ducks [1.2%; 5/423] and 0% in cats and turkeys. Eight virus isolates were obtained from pig nasal swabs collected in 2011 and were determined to be A(H1N1)pdm09 on subtyping. On phylogenetic analysis, four hemagglutinin segments from pig isolates clustered together and were closely associated with human influenza viruses that circulated in Kenya in 2011.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 isolated in pigs was genetically similar to contemporary human pandemic influenza virus isolates. This suggest that the virus was likely transmitted from humans to pigs, became established and circulated in Kenyan pig populations during the study period. Minimal influenza A prevalence was observed in the other animals studied.</p></div

Distribution of hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) titers and proportion positive of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-positive pig sera against three reference antigens for household and slaughterhouse sites, May 2010 –August 2012 (n = 172)^*.

<p>Distribution of hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) titers and proportion positive of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-positive pig sera against three reference antigens for household and slaughterhouse sites, May 2010 –August 2012 (n = 172)^{<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0192721#t003fn001" target="_blank">*</a>}.</p

Analysis of HA segment of Kenya swine isolates alongside other contemporary isolates.

<p>Branches highlighted in red referto Kenya swine isolates while those in blue are Kenya human isolates. A/California/04/2009 is used to root the phylogenetic tree.</p

Prevalence of PCR positivity for influenza A in nasal, oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs, by species and site, Kenya, May 2010-August 2012.

<p>Prevalence of PCR positivity for influenza A in nasal, oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs, by species and site, Kenya, May 2010-August 2012.</p

Influenza A seroprevalence by ELISA among pigs sampled at the slaughter house, 2010–2012.

<p>Influenza A seroprevalence by ELISA among pigs sampled at the slaughter house, 2010–2012.</p