Organizational and legal aspects of developing and implementing prospective heat supply schemes in municipalities

The paper analyses current legislations that regulate the development and implementation of municipal heat supply systems. A cost-effectiveness analysis of an investment programme model taken for a particular heat supply scheme in a Sverdlovsk regional municipality reveals a certain number of problem areas of organizational and legal nature in the overall heat supply process. Hence, certain ways of amending existing legislations are proposed to improve and streamline the heat supply restructuration process. The paper also presents an algorithm of cooperation for heat supply participants whenever an energy service company enters the scheme as an investment process operator

USE OF PIPES WITH KNURL WHEEL IN INSTALLATIONS OF FLASH EVAPORATOR

An installation for determining the composition of the products of combustion of solid fuels in a fluidized bed at different bed temperatures is considered. With the help of the installation it is possible to carry out work on the search for the reduction of harmful emissions when burning in a fluidized bed.В работе рассмотрена установка для определения состава продуктов сгорания твердого топлива в псевдоожиженом слое при различных температурах слоя. С помощью установки можно проводить работы по поиску уменьшения вредных выбросов при горении в кипящем слое

Solid oxide fuel cells power unit reformer/burner/heat-exchanger module experimental study

The article contains the installation description, experimental procedure, and results for the catalytic partial oxidation reformer/catalyst burner/heat-exchanger module. Mathematical modeling for all major blocks temperatures dependence on the reformer air supply ratio was carried out. In the air supply ratio range under study the model was verified using experimental data. The model was further practically used for the solid oxide fuel cells power unit automatic control modes development. The partial oxidation reforming solid oxide fuel cells power unit characteristics were evaluated. © 2017 Society of Thermal Engineers of Serbia

PET and SPECT Imaging in Dystonia

Dystonia is a syndrome characterized by involuntary, sustained muscle contractions causing twisting movements and abnormal postures. It is a common movement disorder with different forms that can be classified based on different clinical characteristics. Idiopathic focal dystonia (dystonia in one body part with no known cause) is the most common form. The more generalized (throughout the body) forms of dystonia have a younger age of onset and usually an underlying genetic defect. The mode of inheritance is usually autosomal dominant. Of these, the most common are DYT-TOR1A and DYT-THAP1 dystonia. In combined dystonia syndromes, also autosomal dominantly inherited disorders, dystonia patients have additional neurological symptoms (e.g., parkinsonism or myoclonus). This group includes dopamine-responsive dystonia, myoclonus-dystonia, rapid-onset dystonia-parkinsonism, and paroxysmal dystonia. In this chapter, we describe results from positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) studies in the different forms of dystonia. Three different kinds of PET and SPECT techniques have been used in patients with dystonia: glucose metabolism scans, regional cerebral blood flow studies, and receptor imaging. Increased glucose metabolism was found in the basal ganglia, thalamus, and cerebellum of patients with different forms of focal dystonia and in DYT1 dystonia. Patients with DYT6 dystonia showed decreased glucose metabolism in the putamen. Results from regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF)-activation studies differed extensively among different studies and different patient groups, mainly because of study design. Overall, the primary and secondary motor and sensory cortices were found to be abnormal in almost all forms of dystonia, although the direction of the abnormalities differed. Dopamine was found to play a role in dystonia reflected by decreased dopamine D2/3 receptor binding in the striatum of patients with almost all forms of dystonia. In recent years, it has been established that other neurotransmitter systems, such as serotonin and gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) also play a role in dystonia. In conclusion, dystonia is likely to be a network disorder with abnormalities in a large number of cortical and subcortical areas. There might be a central role for the basal ganglia with abnormalities in dopamine receptor binding, as well as other neurotransmitter systems