AKUMULASI LOGAM TIMBAL (Pb) PADA KANGKUNG DARAT (Ipomoea reptans Poir)

Abstrak: Timbal, salah satu logam berat yang berbahaya terhadap organisme dan lingkungan, ditemukan dalam limbah yang berasal dari kawasan industri textil Leuwigajah, Cimahi. Selain memiliki kelarutan yang baik dalam air dan dapat terakumulasi di dalam tanah, tanaman yang tumbuh di lahan tercemar dapat menyerap substansi yang berbahaya ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji sejauh mana logam timbal dapat mempengaruhi pertumbuhan tanaman. Pada penelitian ini hanya dikaji pengaruh akumulasi timbal pada tanaman kangkung darat (Ipomoea retans Poir). Selain konsentrasi timbal, pengaruh kehadiran kromium dalam tanah ikut dikaji pada penelitian ini. Penelitian diawali dengan (1) karakterisasi awal sampel tanah dari lokasi studi, (2) rancangan penanaman, (3) penanaman kangkung darat, (4) panen/pengampilan sampel, dan (5) analisis logam. Konsentrasi timbal mulai dianalisis pada kangkung darat berumur satu minggu. Analisis logam timbal dilakukan menggunakan metode spektrofotometri serapan atom. Dibuat empat variasi media tanam. Berdasarkan hasil pengukuran, logam timbal paling banyak terakumulasi di bagian akar kangkung darat kecuali kangkung darat variasi A dan variasi C yang mengakumulasi lebih banyak di bagian batang. Hingga hari ke-25, konsentrasi timbal dalam jaringan tanaman kangkung darat semua variasi belum melebihi baku mutu, yakni 0,5 mg kg-1. Kangkung darat variasi C memiliki kandungan timbal dengan jumlah tertinggi pada keseluruhan jaringan tanamannya (245,22 mg kg-1). Akumulasi timbal paling banyak terjadi pada bagian batang (89,18 mg kg-1). Adanya kromium di dalam media tanam variasi C dan variasi D menyebabkan akumulasi logam timbal menurun. Penambahan pupuk pada media tanam variasi B dan variasi D terbukti menurunkan akumulasi timbal dalam jaringan tanaman kangkung darat. Pengaruh logam pada pertumbuhan kangkung darat mulai terlihat pada hari ke-10. Terjadi klorosis pada beberapa daun kangkung darat variasi C. Semua variasi kangkung darat memiliki nilai faktor biokonsentrasi < 1 (variasi A = 0,32; variasi B = 0,33; variasi C = 0,34; variasi D = 0,36). Hanya kangkung darat variasi B yang memiliki nilai faktor translokasi < 1. Nilai ini dibuktikan dengan akumulasi timbal yang paling tinggi di bagian akar. Kata kunci: timbal, kromium, kangkung darat, Ipomoea reptans Poir, akumulasi Abstract : Lead, a heavy metal that harms different organisms, has been found in the waste of the garment industry in industrial area of Leuwigajah, Cimahi. As lead accumulated easily in water and soil via waste being discharged into the environment, plants in the contaminated area can absorb this hazardous substance. This situation calls into an assessment of "to which extent the toxicity of lead can impact the growth of plants". Within the research scope, only water spinach (Ipomoea reptans Poir) will be studied. Beside the dose of lead, the study also takes the presence of chromium into consideration. The sequences of research include: (1) An initial measurement of soil from sampling site, (2) planting design, (3) plantation of water spinach, (4) havest/sampling, and (5) analysis of metal. Lead concentration analysis begin with one-week-old water spinach. Analysis of lead performed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry method. Four variations of planting medium has been made. The result showed that lead mostly accumulated in root except variant A and variant C which accumulate more lead in stem. Until day 20th, lead concentration in water spinach plant tissues not yet exceed the regulation for maximum lead in vegetables (0.5 mg kg-1). Water spinach variant C has the highest amount of lead in its tissues (245.22 mg kg-1). Lead mostly accumulated in stem part (89.18 mg kg-1). The presence of chromium in planting medium variant C and variant D decreases the accumulation of lead. Addition of fertilizer in planting medium variant B and variant D proven decreases the accumulation of lead in plant tissues. Effect of metal presence on water spinach growth seen at day 10th. There is chlorosis in leaves of water spinach variant C. All of water spinach variations have bioconcentration value below 1 (variant A = 0.32; variant B = 0.33; variant C = 0.34; variant D = 0.36). Only water spinach variant B that has translocation value below 1. This value has proven by highest lead accumulation in its root. Key words: lead, chromium, water spinach, Ipomoea reptans Poir, accumulatio

AKUMULASI KROMIUM PADA PISTIA STRATIOTES DALAM CONSTRUCTED WETLAND TIPE FREE WATER SURFACE UNTUK PENGOLAHAN LIMBAH TEKSTIL

Abstrak: Laju produksi yang tinggi dalam kegiatan perindustrian mengakibatkan peningkatan dalam jumlah limbah yang dihasilkan sehingga berpotensi untuk mengakibatkan pencemaran terhadap lingkungan dan berdampak pada kesehatan manusia. Limbah yang dihasilkan oleh kegiatan industri dapat mengandung bahan yang bersifat Berbahaya dan Beracun atau dikenal sebagai Bahan B3, seperti logam berat kromium. Kromium banyak digunakan dalam proses produksi oleh berbagai macam jenis industri, salah satunya adalah industri tekstil. Limbah cair industri tekstil mengandung kromium dengan konsentrasi tinggi. Kandungan kromium dalam bentuk heksavalen sangat berbahaya karena bersifat toksik. Teknologi pengolahan yang memiliki efisiensi dari segi biaya, hasil, dan ramah lingkungan untuk meremediasi limbah yang mengandung kromium adalah dengan Constructed Wetland (CW). Namun demikian masih diperlukan berbagai penelitian untuk meningkatkan efektifitas dari sistem CW, sehingga dapat memberikan masukan terhadap penentuan alternatif pengolahan limbah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengoptimalkan kinerja sistem CW tipe Free Water Surface dan mengetahui efisiensi penyisihan bahan pencemar dalam limbah dengan berbagai variasi konsentrasi kromium dan beban organik, juga mengkaji faktor bioakumulasi pada tumbuhan yang digunakan dalam sistem, Pada penelitian ini, dilakukan pengujian terhadap dua sistem CW yang diberi perlakuan limbah, yaitu Sistem Free Water Surface (FWS) dengan Pistia stratiotes (FWS+Ps), dan Sistem Free Water Surface (FWS) tanpa Pistia stratiotes (FWS"“Ps). Pistia stratiotes merupakan makrofita tipe free floating. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan limbah artifisial dengan variasi konsentrasi COD 50, 100, dan 150 ppm, dan variasi konsentrasi kromium 1,2 dan 3 ppm selama 10 hari. Parameter yang dianalisis berupa DO, pH, kekeruhan, TSS, nitrat, posfat, COD, kromium, dan kualitas lingkungan. Hasil menunjukan bahwa efisiensi optimum penyisihan Kromium berturut-turut mencapai 60%, 66%, 76%, 73%, 78%,dan 77%, sedangkan efisiensi optimum penyisihan COD berturut-turut mencapai 79%, 72%, 75%, 66%, 88%, dan 94% pada variasi 1,2/50, 3/50, 1,2/100, 3/100, 1,2/150, dan 3/150. Nilai akumulasi kromium lebih besar pada bagian akar dibandingkan dengan taruk. Model yang dapat digunakan dalam menentukan hubungan antara penyisihan senyawa pencemar dan penurunan konsentrasi nutrisi yang direpresentasikan sebagai nitrat dan posfat dalam sistem Constructed Wetland tipe Free Water Surface menggunakan Pistia stratiotes adalah : COD = -0,066 x + 0,107 y + 61,419 dan Krom = -0,030 x + 0,099 y +47,255. Kata kunci : Constructed wetland, Free Water Surface, Kromium, Limbah Cair Tekstil, Pistia stratiotes.Abstract: High production of an industry activity causes rising waste that is produced. It potentially made the pollution on environment and impacted for human health. Waste is produced by industry activity which can be contained poison and risky pollution substance (B3), such as chromium metal. Many chromium is used in a process of variety industry kinds, one of them is a textile industry. Waste water of textile industry contains a chromium with high concenteration. Chromium on heksavalen is very risky because it contains a toxic. Technology processing has an efficiency of cost, result and friendly environment for chromium waste that is contained by Constructed Wetland (CW). However, some observation are still needed for increasing the effectivity CW system. It can be separated chromium substance of a waste, for example observing model of CW by seeing various type of water flow and plant-life. Also, bio-accumulation factor in the plants, it gives an input on deciding alternative waste processed. In this study, four systems of CW are observed by waste-treating. They are Free Water Surface Pistia stratiotes (FWS+Ps), and Free Water Surface without Pistia stratiotes (FWS-Ps). Pistia stratiotes is a macrophyte type of free floating. This study uses artificial waste with variety concentrate of COD 50, 100, and 150 ppm, also variety concentrate of chromium 1,2, and 3 during ten days. The parameters analyzed were DO, pH, turbidity, TSS, nitrate, phosphate, COD, chromium, and environmental quality. The results showed that the optimum efficiency of Chromium removal reached 60%, 66%, 76%, 73%, 78%, and 77%, while the optimumefficiency of COD allowance reached 79%, 72%, 75%, 66% respectively. , 88%, and 94% in variations 1,2 / 50, 3/50, 1,2 / 100, 3/100, 1,2 / 150, and 3/150. The accumulated value of chromium is greater in the root part compared to taruk. The model that can be used in determining the relationship between polluting compounds and decreasing the concentration of nutrients represented as nitrate and phosphate in the Constructed Wetland type of Free Water Surface using Pistia stratiotes are: COD = -0,066 x + 0,107 y + 61,419 and Chrome = -0,030 x + 0.099 y +47,255.Keywords: Constructed Wetland, Free Water Surface, Chromium, Textile Wastewater, Pistia stratiotes

BIOASSESSMENT KUALITAS AIR SUNGAI CIKARO KABUPATEN BANDUNG MENGGUNAKAN STATUS EKOLOGI

Abstrak: Makrozoobenthos telah umum digunakan untuk bioassessement kualitas air sungai, Indeks Biotik secara luas digunakan untuk kegiatan monitoring kualitas air di seluruh dunia, termasuk negara berkembang. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui status ekologi Sungai Cikaro dengan menggunakan makrozoobenthos, Hasil penelitian menunjukkan makrozoobenthos yang ditemukan Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ditemukan sebanyak  ditemukan sebanyak  4 Filum, 5 kelas, 17 Ordo, 33 famili dan  39 genus makrozoobenthos, Kepadatan makrozoobenthos bervariasi pada setiap lokasi sampling dan periode pengambilan sampel dengan kisaran 13-151 individu/m2. Indeks Shannon-Wienner berkisar antara 1,05 sampai dengan 2,50 termasuk katagori tercemar ringan sampai tercemar sedang,  Hal ini sejalan dengan penilaian status ekologis menggunakan Indeks terbaru dimana kisaran nilai berada pada 2,67 "“ 4,78 dan berada dalam sedikit tercemar sampai tercemar sedang Kata kunci: Bioassessment, Kualitas Air, Makrozoobenthos, Status Ekologi Abstract : Macrozoobenthos are commonly used in river health biomonitoring. In monitoring program biotic indices are now widely established in water quality monitoring around the world, including in the tropical countries. The aim of this study was to reveal the ecological status of Cikaro River by using Macrozoobenthos The results of the study found 4 Phylum, 5 classes, 17 Ordo, 33 families and 39 genus makrozoobenthos. The density of macrozoobenthos varied at each sampling site, . The density ranged from 13-151 individuals / m2. Shannon Wienner Index (H ') Index range 1.05 - 2.50 and classified slightly polluted to quite polluted  The Result in line with The Assessment of Ecological Status using the scoring system, the ecological status in Cikaro River range 2,67"“ 4,78 and classified quite polluted  to moderately polluted Key words: . Bioassessment, Water Quality, Macrozoobenthos, Ecological Status

DISTRIBUSI FITOPLANKTON BERDASARKAN SISTEM INFORMASI GEOGRAFIS (SIG) DAN STATUS TROFIK PERAIRAN WADUK CIRATA, JAWA BARAT

Abstrak: Waduk Cirata memiliki peruntukkan sebagai Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Air (PLTA), perikanan, dan pariwisata. Saat ini kondisi waduk telah mengalami degradasi. Hal ini disebabkan karena banyaknya unsur hara yang berasal dari limbah domestik, limbah industri, dan keramba jaring apung (KJA) yang masuk ke perairan. Indikasi pencemaran organik ini dapat dideteksi dengan fitoplankton. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan status trofik Waduk Cirata dan mengetahui distribusi kelimpahan fitoplankton berdasarkan Sistem Informasi Geografis (SIG) serta menentukan jenis fitoplankton yang dapat digunakan sebagai bioindikator pencemaran waduk. Pada penelitian ini pengambilan sampel air dilakukan sebanyak tiga kali setiap dua minggu sekali di tujuh lokasi waduk dan pada kedalaman 0,2 m. Parameter utama yang diukur yaitu klorofil-a, kelimpahan individu fitoplankton, kecerahan, dan total fosfat. Selain itu, penentuan Trophic State Index (TSI) juga dilakukan. Distribusi dari tiap parameter dan TSI divisualisasikan dalam bentuk peta menggunakan interpolasi raster pada software ArcGIS 10.1. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar area Waduk Cirata telah berada pada kondisi eutrofik dengan kecenderungan hipereutrofik pada area pusat KJA. Konsentrasi klorofil-a diketahui berkisar 2,57 "“ 15,80 µg/l, kelimpahan fitoplankton berkisar 459 "“ 132.085 individu/ml, kecerahan berkisar 0,78 "“ 1,26 m, total fosfat berkisar2,41 "“ 859,04 µg/l, dan nilai TSI berkisar 46,34 "“ 74,74. Secara umum, spesies fitoplankton yang dominan dan dapat dijadikan sebagai bioindikator pencemaran Waduk Cirata adalah Synedra ulna dari Kelas Bacillariophyceae dan Microsystis sp. dari Kelas Cyanophyceae. Kata kunci: Waduk Cirata, fitoplankton, status trofik, SIG Abstract : Cirata Reservoir has many functions, such as generating hydroelectricity, fish farming, and tourism. Nowadays the condition in Cirata Reservoir has become severely degraded due to nutrients from domestic sewage, industrial sewage, and fish cages that enter to the reservoir. The indication of this organic pollution can be detected by phytoplankton. The aims of this research are to determine trophic state in Cirata Reservoir and to know the distribution of phytoplankton abundance based on Geographic Information System (GIS) and also to determine the species of phytoplankton that can be used as pollution bioindicator. In this research, water samples were taken three times every two weeks in seven locations and in 0.2 m water depth. Main parameters such as chlorophyll-a, phytoplankton abundance, clarity, and total phosphate were measured. Trophic State Index (TSI) was also accounted. The distribution from every parameter was visualized as a map using raster interpolation in ArcGIS 10.1. The results show that almost the entire area of Cirata Reservoir is already eutrophic and it is hypereutrophic in the centre of fish cages area. Chlorophyll-a concentration is about 2,57 "“ 15,80 µg/l, phytoplankton abundance is about 459 "“ 132,085 organisms/ml, clarity is about 0,78 "“ 1,26 m, total phosphate concentration is about 2,41 "“ 859,04 µg/l, and TSI value is about 46,34 "“ 74,74. In general, Cirata Reservoir is dominated by Synedra ulna from Class Bacillariophyceae and Microsystis sp. from Class Cyanophyceae, hence it can be used as pollutant bioindicators. Key words: Cirata Reservoir, phytoplankton, trophic state, GI

OPTIMASI EFISIENSI PENGOLAHAN LINDI DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN CONSTRUCTED WETLAND

Abstrak: Lindi (leachate) dari landfill menjadi permasalahan bagi lingkungan khususnya untuk air permukaan dan air tanah. Teknologi pengolahan yang diterapkan landfill pada umumnya masih mengeluarkan effluen yang belum memenuhi baku mutu. Dengan demikian masih diperlukan pengolahan lanjutan yang mampu menurunkan kadar pencemar di dalam lindi. Sistem constructed wetland merupakan salah satu metode yang dapat diterapkan. Constructed wetland merupakan suatu alternatif sederhana dengan biaya rendah yang telah terbukti efektif dalam perbaikan kualitas air. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi kondisi optimum constructed wetland aliran bawah permukaan dengan variasi jenis vegetasi, beban COD initial, dan waktu detensi dalam menyisihkan COD, BOD, NTK, Total Fosfat (TP) dan total suspended solid (TSS) pada lindi. Pada penelitian ini digunakan lima buah reaktor constructed wetland yang terdiri dari dua jenis tanaman: Cyperus papyrus dan Canna sp. Salah satu reaktor digunakan sebagai kontrol yakni diberi perlakuan tanpa tanaman. Nilai beban COD initial yang digunakan terdiri dari dua variasi yaitu 1000 mg/l COD dan 1500 mg/l COD, dengan waktu detensi (Td) 2 hari dan 4 hari. Dari hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa penyisihan tertinggi COD, BOD, dan TSS terjadi pada reaktor Cyperus papyrus dengan efisiensi penyisihan sebesar 94,81 % dan 94,72% untuk BOD dan COD (beban 1000 mg/l COD, Td 2 hari) serta 97,47% untuk TSS (beban 1000 mg/l COD, Td 4 hari). Penyisihan NTK dan TP terjadi pada tanaman Cyperus papyrus dengan efisiensi sebesar 96,36% (beban 1000 mg/l COD, Td 2 hari) dan 92,15%  (beban 1500 mg/l COD, Td 4 hari) Kata kunci: constructed wetland, efisiensi penyisihan, lindi, vegetasi wetland, waktu detensi. Abstract : Leachate from landfills becomes problem for environment, particulary for surface water and groundwater.  Leachate treatment technology applied in landfill generally still discharges effluent that is not meet the quality standards given yet. Thus, following treatment is required to decrease pollutant concentration. The constructed wetland is a method that can be applied. It is a simple low cost technology that has been proven effective in amelioring. This experiment puposes to identify the optimum condition of subsurface flow (SSF) constructed wetland with the variation of vegetations, initial COD loading, and detention time in order to remove COD, BOD, TKN, Total Phosphate (TP) and total suspended solid (TSS) in leachate. In the experiment, there were five reactors consisted of two types vegetation: Cyperus papyrus and Cyperus papyrus. One of the reactor was used as a control that had no vegetation. The COD initial loadings were 1000 mg / l and 1500 mg / l and the detention times (Td) used were 2 days and 4 days. The experiment showed that highest efficiency of COD, BOD, and TSS conducted in Cyperus papyrus reactor with removal efficiency 94.81% and 94.72% for COD and BOD (organic loading 1000 mg / l COD, Td 2 days) and 97.47% for TSS. The highest removal of TKN and TP conducted in Cyperus papyrus with efficiency 96.36% (organic loading 1000 mg / l COD, Td 2 days) and 92.15% (organic loading 1500 mg / l COD, Td 4 days). Key words: constructed wetland,removal effeciency, leachate, wetland vegetation, detention tim

Determination of surface water quality based on macrozoobenthos biodiversity and the prevalence of trematodes cercariae in freshwater molluscs

Lake Cisanti is the upstream of Citarum River and silting has occurred in the inlet areas. This water body was selected as the research area due to its crucial role for people living in West Java Province despite some pollution issues recently. The research was conducted from January to May 2016 during rainy season. The aim of it was to assess water quality of Lake Cisanti and reveal that Trematodes cearcariae could be used as bio indicator of organic pollution. From identification results, there were 31 morphospecies of macrozoobenthos from seven classes found in Lake Cisanti. Melanoides tuberculata had the highest total density (188 ind/m2). It implied that organic matter due to open defecation polluted Lake Cisanti. Based on the value of CCMEWQI, H’, and FBI, it can be concluded that water quality of Lake Cisanti comprehensively was unpolluted during January-May 2016. Water conductivity and organic carbon of sediment had the strongest correlation with macrozoobenthos biodiversity in Lake Cisanti. In order to comprehensively understand the main factors of physical and chemical parameters of water and sediment parameters influencing macrozoobenthos biodiversity, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was required. Based on PCA results, there were two main factors of water parameters, F1 (consist of turbidity and COD) and F2 (consist of temperature and conductivity). Those could explain 73.268% variance of all water parameters. Furthermore, the overall prevalence of Trematode cercariae in Molluscs was about 5.49%. There was significant and strong correlation between prevalence of Trematodes cercariae and fecal coliform concentration based on Spearman correlation analysis. It implied that Trematodes cercariae could be considered as a bio indicator of organic pollution, even though a further research is needed to test it in various aquatic ecosystems, both laboratory (man-made ecosystem) and natural ecosystem scales

VALUASI EKONOMI DAN UPAYA PENGELOLAAN HUTAN MANGROVE DI KECAMATAN MUARA GEMBONG KABUPATEN BEKASI

Abstrak: Kecamatan Muara Gembong merupakan salah satu daerah di Indonesia yang telah mengalami degradasi mangrove di wilayah pesisirnya akibat perubahan lahan. Perubahan lahan terbesar digunakan untuk membuka lahan tambak ikan untuk kegiatan budidaya. Dampak ekologi yang timbul akibat rusaknya ekosistem hutan mangrove  di wilayah Muara Gembong saat ini adalah abrasi. Melihat permasalahan yang terjadi, analisis terhadap aspek ekologis dan ekonomi yang saling berkaitan perlu dilakukan agar sumberdaya pesisir yang ada dapat digunakan secara lebih optimal dan efisien serta berkelanjutan. Analisis valuasi ekonomi dilakukan dengan perhitungan Total Economic Value (TEV) yang terdiri dari perhitungan nilai pemanfaatan (Use Value) dan nilai non-pemanfaatan (Non-Use Value). Dengan total luasan mangrove seluas 103,75 hektar, manfaat yang dapat diberikan baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung adalah sebesar Rp. 23.690.709.886,-. Enam skenario pemanfaatan lahan hutan mangrove disiapkan. Untuk melihat skenario mana yang layak untuk dijadikan acuan dalam rencana pengembangan daerah, maka dilakukan perhitungan analisis kelayakan usaha. Dari analisa tersebut terlihat bahwa skenario 4 (80% hutan mangrove dan 20% tambak ikan) merupakan skenario paling layak, dimana nilai NPV yang didapatkan selama 10 tahun memiliki nilai tertinggi sebesar Rp. 4.100.769.095.248,-  dan benefit-cost rasio (BCR) yang dihasilkan adalah 4,84 yang berarti apabila nilai BCR > 1 maka usaha dinyatakan layak untuk diterapkan

SPREADING ANALYSIS OF PHENOL, OIL AND GREASE OFPRODUCED WATER FROM OIL AND GAS FIELD AND THEIR IMPACTS TO OFFSHORE ENVIRONMENT

Abstract: Sea is one of natural resources, which has potential to provide human needs. However, due to resident growth and there are many industries have activities, the sea is started to be polluted and negative impact to people and environment is arisen. One of industry, which has potential to pollute Indonesian sea, is oil and gas production in Natuna Sea. Produced water, which is produced by oil and gas production process in PT. Star Energy, may contain few contaminant constituents including phenol, oil and grease. Distribution of phenol and oil and grease is done using MuQual3D software, which includes hydrodynamic model and qualitative water model. Simulation of phenol distribution and oil and grease from produced water is done for a year for each discharge location within two layers of sea water layer which are mean sea water layer and sea bottom layer.  Phenol concentration spreading at the depths of 7 m and 75 m such as 0.012 - 0.14 µg/L, where as oil and grease concentration such as range between 0.15-1.7 µg/L.  These spreading simulations show that produced water discharge have complied the sea water quality standard for aquatic biota.  From laboratory results of aquatic biota for phytoplankton and zooplankton, are indicated that there is occurrence of ecological pressure within the aquatic area, but still in moderate and stable condition, which means that it could be changed according to the surrounding environment. Where as, from Chanos chanos toxicological model simulation about 9.53-10.12% of study area has impacted.  For balancing the ecosystem of Natuna sea, produced water discharge management and other research for aquatic biota in study area are needed.Key words: Produced Water, Phenol, Oil and Grease, Impacts, MuQual3D, Natuna Sea Abstrak: Laut merupakan salah satu sumber daya alam yang berpotensi untuk memenuhi kebutuhan manusia.  Namun seiring dengan pertumbuhan penduduk dan banyaknya industri yang beroperasi, laut mulai tercemar sehingga timbul dampak negatif terhadap manusia dan lingkungan.  Salah satu industri yang berpotensi dalam mencemari laut Indonesia,khususnya Laut Natuna adalah industri minyak dan gas bumi. Air terproduksi yang dihasilkan oleh proses produksi minyak dan gas di PT. Star Energy, mengandung beberapa senyawa kontaminan termasuk fenol dan oil and grease.  Penyebaran fenol dan oil and grease dilakukan menggunakan software MuQual3D yang mencakup model hidrodinamika dan model kualitas air. Simulasi penyebaran fenol, oil and grease dari air terproduksi dilakukan selama 1 (tahun) untuk masing-masing lokasi pembuangan dalam 2 (lapisan air laut) yaitu lapisan permukaan dan lapisan dasar laut.  Penyebaran konsentrasi fenol pada kedalaman 7 m dan 75 m berkisar antara 0.012 - 0.14 µg/L sedangkan konsentrasi oil and grease berkisar antara 0.15-1.7 µg/L.  Hasil simulasi penyebaran tersebut menunjukkan air terproduksi yang dibuang masih berada di dalam baku mutu.  Dari hasil pengukuran plankton, baik fitoplankton maupun zooplankton diperoleh bahwa terdapat tekanan ekologis terhadap struktur komunitas laut, namun masih dalam kondisi yang moderat atau stabil, artinya dapat berubah sesuai dengan keadaan lingkungan sekitarnya.  Sedangkan dari hasil simulasi model toksikologi Chanos-Chanos didapat sekitar 9.53% sampai dengan 10.12% wilayah yang terkena dampak pembuangan air terproduksi.  Untuk menjaga kestabilan ekosistem Laut Natuna diperlukan pengelolaan pembuangan air terproduksi dan penelitian lebih lanjut untuk biota laut di wilayah studi

Assessment of the Water Quality of Jatiluhur Reservoir, the Downstream of Citarum Cascade River, Using Selected Physico-Chemical Parameters

Physico-chemistry and biological data were investigated  from  October 2010 until April 2011 of Jatiluhur reservoir. A total of six sampling stations were selected for this study. The discharge and hidrological data were obtained from Perum Jasa Tirta II Jatiluhur. The results showed that the hydrological regime in the reservoir Jatiluhur was affected by global phenomenon La Nina events in 2010 and early in 2011. Stream flows were determined during sampling to range from 78  to 482.5 m3/s. The water quality findings were as follows: pH (6.93-8.81), temperature (26.37-30.6°C), dissolved oxygen (0.733-5.2 mg/l), conductivity (2.45-233µmhos/cm), COD (7.36-96.9 mg/l), turbidity (4.063-65.6 NTU), total phosphate (0.002-0.324 mg/l), total nitrogen (0.99-5.96 mg/l), chlorophyl (2.237-43.37 mg/m3), visibility (30-160 cm). The eutrophication was pronounced at Jatiluhur reservoir. Canonical Correspendence Analysis found that some water quality parameters correlated positively with the discharge and the water level

River Water Quality Assessment Using Benthic Macroinvertebrates in Citarum Upstream Indonesia

Assessment of river water quality because changes in land use and pollution were still a problems in several countries, particularly in developing countries, included Indonesia. Based on river water quality assessment, index needs to be developed using bio-indicators. The aim of study was to determined the benthic macroinvertebrates community in predicted water quality based on influence of organic pollutants, inorganic, nutrients, and toxic. Measurement of the physical and chemical parameter have been done on momentary conditions, and then used benthic macroinvertebrates as biological parameter to indicate the actual environmental conditions based on the characteristics of each benthic macroinvertebrates relating to the preferences of local environmental conditions. This research based on case study and using the purposive sampling method with three times sampling in July, September and November 2014 at 7 locations in upstream Citarum. Further analysis of water quality data using pollution index and benthic index of biological for the assessment of river water quality. The results show that for all site the dominant benthic is Chironomidae. Parameter BOD, COD, TSS, Turbidity, and substrate are the most affected for benthic macroinvertebrates. Pollution index results index value range from 1.64 to 5.37 and Family Biotic Index results index value range from 4.17 to 7.13. For linear regression analysis between Pollution Index and Family Biotic Index obtained the value of the correlation coefficient (R) 0.53 showed the most significant relationship between the two index compared to the other. Based on the results of evaluation station Wayang mountain, Guha mountain, Puncak Cae mountain, and Halimun mountain are not polluted until slightly polluted. While Cikitu Village, Babakan Village, and Wangisagara are moderate polluted until heavy polluted.