Modelling long term effects of cropping and managements systems on soil organic matter, C/N dynamics and crop growth

While simulation of cropping systems over a few years might reflect well the short term effects of management and cultivation, long term effects on soil properties and their consequences for crop growth and matter fluxes are not captured. Especially the effect on soil carbon sequestration/depletion is addressed by this task. Simulations of an ensemble of crop models are performed as transient runs over a period of 120 year using observed weather from three stations in Czech Republic (1961-2010) and transient long time climate change scenarios (2011-2080) from five GCM of the CMIP5 ensemble to assess the effect of different cropping and management systems on carbon sequestration, matter fluxes and crop production in an integrative way. Two cropping systems are regarded comprising two times winter wheat, silage maize, spring barley and oilseed rape. Crop rotations differ regarding their organic input from crop residues, nitrogen fertilization and implementation of catch crops. Models are applied for two soil types with different water holding capacity. Cultivation and nutrient management is adapted using management rules related to weather and soil conditions. Data of phenology and crop yield from the region of the regarded crops were provided to calibrate the models for crops of the rotations. Twelve models were calibrated in this first step. For the transient long term runs results of four models were submitted so far. Outputs are crop yields, nitrogen uptake, soil water and mineral nitrogen contents, as well as water and nitrogen fluxes to the atmosphere and groundwater. Changes in the carbon stocks and the consequences for nitrogen mineralisation, N fertilization and emissions also considered.

Information gain in environmental monitoring through bioindi-cation and biomonitoring methods ("B & B technologies") and phytoremediation processes : with special reference to the Biological System of Chemical Elements (BSCE) under specific consideration of Lithium

Different definitions for the concepts of information, information transfer, i.e. communication and its effect and efficiency of false, but also correct information, especially from the environmental sector, are given. "THE TEN ECOLOGICAL COMMANDMENTS"developed by Menke-Glückert at the end of the 1960s, the 9th commandment "Do not pollute information", in particular, is examined in more detail and understood practically as a currently unchanging law in our existing world societies. The "Ethics Consensus", derived from "THE TEN ECOLOGICAL COMMANDMENTS"and developed by Markert at the end of the 1990s, reflects both theoretical and practical levels of action that many people in our highly diverse world societies can support. From a scientific point of view, this article deals with the so-called B & B technologies, i.e. bioindication and biomonitoring of chemical elements, their chemical speciation as well as organic substances. B & B technologies, which deals with the biological detection of atmospheric deposition of chemical substances on a regional, national, and international level, are taken into account. From both an academic and a practical point of view, mosses have prevailed here in the last decades in addition to lichens. The use of mosses is a major focus of international air monitoring, especially in Europe. Furthermore, the phytoremediation of chemical substances in water, soil and air is described as a biological and sustainable biological process, which does not yet have the full scope as it is used in bioindication and biomonitoring, as shown in the example of mosses. However, the phytoremediation is considered to be an excellent tool to have the leading role in the sustainable pollutant "fight". In the future qualitative and quantitative approaches have been further developed to fit scientifically and practically B&B Technologies as well the different forms of phytotechnological approaches. Finally, the example of lithium, which is optionally derived from the Biological System of Chemical Elements (BSCE), becomes a chemical example that the administration of lithium to ALL mentally conditioned diseases such as manic depression to smoking cigarettes becomes one of the most valuable services for the recovery of human society on a global level. As a conclusion of these tremendous effects of lithium can be considered: Pulled out, to make clear that only this chemical element beside a psychiatric care and the involvement of family members, friends, physicians, psychologists and psychiatrists. In addition, it is a must that there is a strong relationship between patient, psychiatrist(s) and strongly related persons to the patient. First an intensive information transfer via communication must be guaranteed. After it, psychological support by doctors and, only if it seems necessary Lithium is to be given in a patient specific dose.RST/Applied Radiation & Isotope

SEED HETEROMORPHISM AND GERMINATION IN CHENOPODIUM QUINOA WILLD. RELATED TO CROP INTRODUCTION IN MARGINALIZED ENVIRONMENTS

Abiotic stress tolerance and the superior nutritional seed value make Chenopodium quinoa (Amaranthaceae) one of the most important candidates for crop diversification and food use. This article evaluates seed germination behavior, grain yield, pericarp, and seed coat structure of different seed heteromorphs in various quinoa lines, newly introduced on alkaline soils in Caspian lowlands. Introduction into harsh environments induces changes in expression, resulting in increased fruit and seed heterogeneity, expressed as variation in sizes and colors (light and dark), seed coat, and pericarp structure. These changes affect the seed germination, grain yield and other agronomic parameters. Light seeds predominanted, while the proportion of dark seeds varied from 9 to 17 percent in the quinoa lines examined. Tannins, lignin, and stalactites were detected in the cell walls of the exotesta of phenotypes of quinoa seeds. Early-maturing lines had a lower percentage of dark seeds, high germination rates in the laboratory, and synchronized seedling emergence in the field, followed by fast plant growth, high grain yield, and 1000-kernel weight. Caspian drylands are potential areas for the cultivation of early maturing quinoa genotypes, whose seed structural and functional features are not affected by stress conditions. Seed heteromorphism might represent an expectant seed survival strategy under changing environments.This research was supported by the Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development (SATREPS) , in collaboration with the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST, JPMJSA2001) . The study of fruit and seed structure was performed on the equipment of the Core Centre Cell and Molecular Technology for the Study of Plants and Fungi at the Komarov Botanical Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia. The authors are grateful to L.A. Kartseva, the head of the scanning electron microscopy branch of the Core Facility Center, for technical assistance in SEM studies. Our thanks go to the Ege Univeristy, Turkiye as well for collaboration during the finalization of the manuscript.Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development (SATREPS); Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) [JPMJSA2001]; Cell and Molecular Technology for the Study of Plant

Transcanal Endoscopic Management of Middle Ear Paragangliomas

ObjectiveTo evaluate the clinical and audiological outcomes of transcanal endoscopic resection of middle ear paragangliomas.Study DesignRetrospective multicenter study.SettingTertiary referral center and private otology clinic.PatientsPatients who underwent transcanal endoscopic surgery between January 2015 and September 2020.Intervention(s)Transcanal endocope-assisted resection of middle ear paragangliomas.Main Outcome Measure(s)Demographic data.ResultsTwenty-three patients (2 men, 21 women) with a mean (standard deviation [SD]) age of 50.5 (11.8) years and stage 1 or 2 disease were included in the study. The mean follow-up time was 2.7 years (range, 1-5 yr). Preoperatively, the mean (SD) air-conduction threshold was 33.8 (17.9) dB, and the mean (SD) air-bone gap was 13.1 (13.9) dB. Postoperatively, the mean (SD) air-conduction threshold was 25.7 (10.2) dB, the mean (SD) air-bone gap was 6.3 (6.1) dB. The mean (SD) hospital stay was 27.7 (9.9) hours. No tumor regrowth was detected on magnetic resonance imaging during postoperative follow-up.ConclusionsEndoscopic transcanal tumor resection is effective and feasible in the treatment of stage 1 and 2 tumors and is associated with short operative time, low risk of perioperative and postoperative complications, and rapid discharge

Role of Rare Earth Elements in Plants

Rare earth elements (generally abbreviated as REEs) are the name used to define 17 metals with special physicochemical features. In general, REEs are interest of chemists mainly because of their peculiar chemical abilities. However, this situation started to change, and REEs, recently, turn out to be a hotspot also for environmental biologist, plant biologist, and molecular biologists. Despite that there are diverse studies regarding biology of these elements (also defined as metals), biologist still have limited knowledge about the mechanisms of REE action in living (particular in reducing their toxic effects at high doses) and about the areas in which these metals can be used as biotechnological tools. REEs have a peculiarity that they can bind to other molecules to enhance several physiological activities like growth and development in plants and photosynthesis, and they are able to behave as synergistic agents for the intake of several nutrients. The supply of these elements in several species can be, as well, an important source of synthesis of natural compounds. The exogenous application of REEs in plants has been demonstrated to antagonize damages of salinity and metal stresses. The present review aims to put forward a comprehensive account of the latest findings related to the effects of REEs' on different aspects of plant growth and development. This compilation mainly targets scientists who afford to discover action mechanisms of REEs and researchers focussing on the amelioration of adverse consequences generated by REEs

Transcanal Endoscopic Management of Middle Ear Paragangliomas

ObjectiveTo evaluate the clinical and audiological outcomes of transcanal endoscopic resection of middle ear paragangliomas.Study DesignRetrospective multicenter study.SettingTertiary referral center and private otology clinic.PatientsPatients who underwent transcanal endoscopic surgery between January 2015 and September 2020.Intervention(s)Transcanal endocope-assisted resection of middle ear paragangliomas.Main Outcome Measure(s)Demographic data.ResultsTwenty-three patients (2 men, 21 women) with a mean (standard deviation [SD]) age of 50.5 (11.8) years and stage 1 or 2 disease were included in the study. The mean follow-up time was 2.7 years (range, 1-5 yr). Preoperatively, the mean (SD) air-conduction threshold was 33.8 (17.9) dB, and the mean (SD) air-bone gap was 13.1 (13.9) dB. Postoperatively, the mean (SD) air-conduction threshold was 25.7 (10.2) dB, the mean (SD) air-bone gap was 6.3 (6.1) dB. The mean (SD) hospital stay was 27.7 (9.9) hours. No tumor regrowth was detected on magnetic resonance imaging during postoperative follow-up.ConclusionsEndoscopic transcanal tumor resection is effective and feasible in the treatment of stage 1 and 2 tumors and is associated with short operative time, low risk of perioperative and postoperative complications, and rapid discharge

Modelling long term effects of cropping and managements systems on soil organic matter, C/N dynamics and crop growth

While simulation of cropping systems over a few years might reflect well the short term effects of management and cultivation, long term effects on soil properties and their consequences for crop growth and matter fluxes are not captured. Especially the effect on soil carbon sequestration/depletion is addressed by this task. Simulations of an ensemble of crop models are performed as transient runs over a period of 120 year using observed weather from three stations in Czech Republic (1961-2010) and transient long time climate change scenarios (2011-2080) from five GCM of the CMIP5 ensemble to assess the effect of different cropping and management systems on carbon sequestration, matter fluxes and crop production in an integrative way. Two cropping systems are regarded comprising two times winter wheat, silage maize, spring barley and oilseed rape. Crop rotations differ regarding their organic input from crop residues, nitrogen fertilization and implementation of catch crops. Models are applied for two soil types with different water holding capacity. Cultivation and nutrient management is adapted using management rules related to weather and soil conditions. Data of phenology and crop yield from the region of the regarded crops were provided to calibrate the models for crops of the rotations. Twelve models were calibrated in this first step. For the transient long term runs results of four models were submitted so far. Outputs are crop yields, nitrogen uptake, soil water and mineral nitrogen contents, as well as water and nitrogen fluxes to the atmosphere and groundwater. Changes in the carbon stocks and the consequences for nitrogen mineralisation, N fertilization and emissions also considered

Crop rotation modelling - A European model intercomparison

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Multi-model uncertainty analysis in predicting grain N for crop rotations in Europe

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