The Status of Civil Society in Zambia: Challenges and Future Prospects

This report analyses this multi-faceted nature of CSOs, whether formal or informal in nature, in order to gain a greater understanding of the characteristics that make them a valued partner in the development process, the challenges they encounter, and the capabilities most needed to play their expected roles

“Investigating the negative impact of emotional labour on full-time permanent academic staff in the Social Sciences Departments at Rhodes University”

In investigating the prevalence of emotional labour among academics within the student/ academic staff relationship, this study expands from Arlie Hochschild’s theoretical orientation of ‘emotional labour’. Through this lens, this study documents the manner in which the adoption of neoliberal ideologies by higher education institutions have transformed it into the service industry and redefined students as consumers and academic staff as service providers. Drawing from previous research in academia, the central argument of the study is that the university system is now an increasingly corporatized and marketized institution that creates an expectation for academic staff to perform emotional labour. However, there is limited literature that looks at emotional labour in academia and more especially within the South African context. Therefore, the focus of this research is how academic work, particularly with students, has shifted to emotion work in an effort to provide quality services. The study was conducted at Rhodes University in the Eastern Cape Province with academic staff who work in the social sciences department. The research methodology employed is qualitative and evidence was derived from semi structured interviews to establish the negative consequences of emotional labour on the wellbeing of academic staff. Data was analysed and thematically presented in line with the research objectives. The research finds evidence of increased emotional labour in academic staff, it argues that this is largely as a result of the effects of corporatization which included intensified workloads, entitled students, increasing pastoral care and discontentment from the transformations. It was revealed that emotional labour was differentially experienced for females, younger academics and those in lower/ initial positions in academia, it explored the gendered expectations and concluded that based on certain organizational and personal characteristics, emotion management differed in academics. Lastly, discussions regarding implications and recommendations for further research were made

Class, nation and localism in the Northumberland art world, 1820-1939'

This study examines county identity in the art culture of Britain between c. 1820 and 1939. In doing so it tests the validity of the prevailing historiography of culture. This historiography emphasizes the growth of the state, homogenization of class identity and the importance of 'Britishness'. This thesis examines the historiography in relation to the artistic community of Northumberland between the establishment of the Northumberland Institution for the Promotion of the Fine Arts in 1822 and the Second World War. It argues that county identity, its forms and its survival, were as much due to internal factors as nationwide trends. It also asserts that much of the relevant historiography needs to be adapted to take into account the continuing strength of county identity and needs to see this county identity as often being as important as class in all areas of the art world. Furthermore, it demonstrates that the progression towards a 'nationalization of culture' was not always smooth or one way and that the idea of a growth in 'Englishness' and class identity needs to be reviewed

Empowering Women Entrepreneurs in Africa: Investigating Information Access and Use of Information and Communication Technologies by Women-Owned Enterprises in Zambia

ABSTRACT This study investigated the information seeking behaviour of Zambian women entrepreneurs, specifically focusing on their information needs, information sources, barriers to information access, and usage of information and communication technologies (ICTs). For conceptual framework, the social network approach, Chatman’s Information Poverty theory, and the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) were used to examine and understand the various characteristics of Zambian women entrepreneurs’ information seeking behaviour. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, five key questions were asked on the women’s information needs, information sources, barriers to information access, women’s level of knowledge and skills in the use of technology, and on women’s social network networks. The research involved two data collection techniques: 1) a questionnaire which was administered to 300 women business owners; and 2) qualitative inquiry consisting of in-depth interviews with 25 participants who had also completed the questionnaire. The questionnaire made it possible to collect data on various thematic areas of the study. The findings of the study show that most Zambian women business owners need information on market opportunities, information on sources of raw materials, funding sources, and information on government programs. The results of the study also show that family, friends, and acquaintances are some of women’s major sources of information. Others are tradeshows, internet, workshops and seminars. Other findings of the study indicate that the level of knowledge and use of information and communication technologies among Zambian women entrepreneurs is very low. The majority of them lack computer skills and have limited knowledge of computer applications. Results of the study also reveal that women entrepreneurs face numerous barriers to information access. Some of the barriers cited are lack of financial resources, high cost of ICTs, poor networks, non-availability of current information, poor government policies, and lack of information skills among women business owners. The study recommends that the Zambian government, the private sector and other stakeholders take measures to provide entrepreneurial support to Zambian women business owners, especially as would improve their business environment for entrepreneurial success and for the economic development of the country

An exploratory study of the factors affecting a job skills training project for women in Phumlani Village, Cape Town a case study of the Cape Town Child Welfare Society job skills training project

Includes abstract.Includes bibliographical references.An exploratory study was conducted to establish factors affecting a job skills training project offered by Cape Town Child Welfare (CTCW) in Phumlani Village, an informal settlement in Cape Town. The study answered the following main research questions: what factors affected the job skills training project in Phumlani Village? What were the project participants' perceptions about the job skills training project? and what views and experiences do the CTCW LOP unit managers have about the job skills training project as a poverty alleviation strategy

Primary education and literacy levels among women with low educational attainment in Zambia: Analysis of secondary data

Introduction: Primary education in Zambia remains the key determiner of literacy. However, there is little research on the relationship between primary education and literacy levels, independent from higher levels of formal education. This association is imperative, as primary education completion is the primary estimator of literacy in many developing countries. Purpose: The paper assessed the relationship between primary education and literacy levels among women of low educational attainment in Zambia. Methods: The study was interested in the women participants who responded to literacy questions during 2018 Zambia Demographic and Health Survey. This paper assessed the relationship between primary education and literacy, using the 2018 Zambia Demographic and Health Survey dataset. Given the study focus, the researcher restricted the analysis to a total sample of 6171 women respondents who had received at most a primary school level of education out of the total samples of 9959 women. Pearson’s X^2 test and logistic regression analysis were the techniques for analysis. Findings: There was a significant association between education level and whether or not women were literate X^2 (1) = 544.69, p < .000. Based on the odds ratio for the un-adjusted model, primary education level was indeed associated with literacy with an increase in odds of being literate (31.49 (20.37 - 48.69) times higher than for women with no formal education). Recommendations: The study recommended further research using mixed methods to confirm various associations that have been observed in the study.

Effect of Using Culturally Sensitive Education in Increasing Mammogram Use and Breast Cancer Awareness: African Female Immigrants

Despite the advances in medical technology, breast cancer is the most common cancer among women and is the second leading cause of death in African-American and Caucasian women in the United States. Mammography has shown to be one of the best methods to reduce late detection of breast cancer. The American Cancer Society recommends monthly self-breast examination (SBE), clinical breast examinations every 3 years, and yearly mammography starting at the age of 40. Despite the recommendations, there is still significant disparity among different racial groups, when it comes to death rates, which can be attributed to low screening rates. The breast cancer screening rates are lower for certain subgroups, including low-income African-American and Hispanic women. The purpose of this evidence-based project was to determine if culturally sensitive education, based on evidence of best practices, would affect mammography screening and breast cancer awareness among African female immigrants. An extensive literature review revealed that culturally sensitive educational strategies can improve breast cancer awareness and mammography use among minority immigrants. The Health Belief Model (Janz & Becker, 1984) and the Model of Diffusion of Innovation (Rogers, 1995) were used to guide this project. African immigrants were recruited from a local immigrant church in the Midwest. Apart from the culturally sensitive awareness session, an African immigrant/breast cancer survivor also spoke to the participants. Project evaluation included the use of a breast cancer awareness measurement as a pre- and post-test. Three months post-implementation, a telephone survey was completed to determine if the participants underwent mammogram screenings. Descriptive statistics, non-parametric tests, and paired t tests were used to analyze the data. The project consisted of 14 participants. At the end of this project, 60% (n = 6) of participants who were eligible for mammogram self-reported that they had completed mammogram screening. The EBP project significantly increased the participants’ awareness of breast cancer. Findings support the importance of using culturally sensitive awareness among immigrants in mammogram use and breast cancer awareness

Audit of acute limb ischaemia in a paediatric intensive care unit

Objective:Iatrogenic acute limb ischaemia in paediatric patients is a well-recognised complication of vascular access. This retrospective review of a paediatric intensive care unit identified patients who developed iatrogenic acute limb ischaemia between January 2008 and July 2013. Methods: The medical records of inpatients diagnosed with acute limb ischaemia during the study period were reviewed. Patients with other causes of acute limb ischaemia were excluded. A descriptive analysis of demographics, primary diagnosis, type of vascular access used, affected anatomical region, clinical presentation, type of therapy, type of block, response to intervention used and outcomes was conducted. Results:A total of 28 patients presented with signs of acute limb ischaemia, of whom 28.6% were aged <30 days, 46.4 % were between one and 12 months and 25% were between one and five years old; 78.6% of the affected limbs were lower limbs. Four patients had resolution of ischaemia upon removal of the vascular access devices. 23 patients received various forms of pharmacological sympathectomy, in addition to conservative therapy. One patient had missing data on the type of sympathectomy that was done. The response to the sympathectomies was: 60.9% good, 8.7% moderate, 8.7% poor and in 21.7% no responses. Documented tissue loss related to the ischaemia occurred in six (21.4%) of the 28 patients. Conclusions: Iatrogenic acute limb ischaemia in children are usually managed without surgical intervention. Pharmacological sympathectomies lead to increased blood flow to the affected limb via vasodilatation of collateral vessels, with an added advantage of reducing ischemic pain. The improved blood flow is postulated to avoid and/or minimise the amount of tissue loss. Pharmacological sympathectomies may, thus, have a role to play in th e management of iatrogenic acute limb ischaemia in the paediatric population

Exploring the livelihood strategies of unemployed black female migrant youth living in Cape Town, South Africa

Unemployment among youth within the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region is one of the major factors that has contributed to migratory movements. Today many youths are leaving their home countries within the region, in search of employment opportunities in stronger economies like that of South Africa. However, the local unemployment rates hinder their chances of employment. This qualitative study explored the livelihood strategies of unemployed black female migrant youth living in Cape Town, South Africa. The study interviewed twenty unemployed black female migrant youth between the ages of 25 and 34 to understand their experiences and perceptions of a) factors or conditions that forced them to immigrate to Cape Town, b) challenges they encountered in trying to secure employment, and vulnerabilities experienced, and c) the livelihood strategies they employed and available social service support. The findings reveal that unemployed black female migrant youth have immigrated to Cape Town for various reasons including political instability, social influences, poor economic conditions, and social factors such as marriage and poverty in their home countries. When they arrive in Cape Town, they face many obstacles in securing employment because of either their nationality or documentation status. They are also vulnerable due to lack of basic needs, living in overcrowded homes, and being in informal settlements where they build temporary shelters. To overcome the challenges they face, they engage in different livelihood strategies such as accessing free government clinics or hospitals for their healthcare. They are dependent on their spouses for support and engage in part-time employment. Besides, they have had limited information about any government or non-governmental organisations that provide support for unemployed black female migrant youth. The need for well-established social networks for unemployed black female migrants, where they can be received and assisted in integrating into society through legitimate channels, is relevant. There need to be centres that offer free English-language training for migrants who are not conversant in English. Established non-governmental organisations or government agencies need to provide facilities that could assist undocumented immigrants who have prolonged their stay in Cape Town. There is also a need to establish support centres that specifically target unemployed black female immigrants. The South African government should enforce sensitization and educate the public and stakeholders about the legitimacy of asylum-seeker permits issued to immigrants. If implemented in conjunction with policy measures, this could increase black female immigrant youth's ability to secure employment. The enforcement of the development of entrepreneurial skills programmes, which specifically vi target unemployed black female youth migrants in Cape Town, is another potentially beneficial strategy

PENGARUH SUBTITUSI MOCAF (MODIFIED CASSAVA FLOUR) TERHADAP SIFAT ORGANOLEPTIK DAN MASA SIMPAN PRODUK TWIST

AbstrakTwist Mocaf dengan lapisan berbuku – buku yang memiliki rasa gurih adalah produk yang terbuat dari adonan tepung terigu, tepung mocaf, garam, mentega, shortening margarin dan air. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui: 1) Pengaruh subtitusi tepung mocaf terhadap sifat organoleptik twist meliputi warna, rasa, aroma, tekstur, kerenyahan, volume dan tingkat kesukaan, 2) Masa simpan twist yang masih layak dikonsumsi.Jenis penelitian ini adalah eksperimen, dengan desain satu faktorial. Variable bebas dari penelitian ini adalah jumlah subtitusi mocaf (5 %, 10%, 15%) sedangkan variabel terikatnya adalah sifat organoleptik yang meliputi warna, rasa, aroma, tekstur, kerenyahan, volume dan tingkat kesukaan. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah metode observasi melalui uji organoleptik dengan skala 1 hingga 4. Panelis yang terlibat dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 30 panelis. Analisis data dengan menggunakan uji Anova satu arah (one way) dengan program SPSS. Uji lanjutan dengan menggunakan Uji Duncan.Hasil analisis data menunjukkan, bahwa ada pengaruh yang signifikan antara subtitusi mocaf terhadap sifat organoleptik twist mocaf yaitu pada kerenyahan, volume dan tingkat kesukaan, namun tidak pada warna, rasa, aroma, dan tekstur. Hasil uji mkrobiologi menunjukkan bahwa twist memiliki masa simpan hingga minggu ke-4 yaitu dengan jumlah kapang 0,98 x 102 kol/g masih di bawah batas maksimum SNI yaitu 1,0 x 102 kol/gKata Kunci: Twist , Pastry, Subtitusi Mocaf.AbstractTwist mocaf„s layers has savoury taste, this product is made from dough‟s wheat flour, mocaf flour, salt, butter, shortening margarine dan water. This experiment has purpose to acknowledge: 1) knowing the effect of substitution of mocaf flour to organoleptic‟s characters twist consist of colour, taste, smells, texture, crispy, volume and the level of favour. 2) Knowing the period of saving Twist so it can be eaten before the expired date.This kind of experiment is showing us with one factorial. The free variable o this experiment is the amount of mocaf substitution (5%.10%.15%) otherwise the bounding variable‟s character is the character of organoleptic which consists of colours,flavours,smells,texture,the crispiness.the level of volume and favor. Collecting data technique that we use is observation through organoleptic test with scale 1 to 4. The correspondents that we asked are around 30 people. The data analysis used one way anova which is supported by SPSS program. The extended test used Duncan‟s test.The result of data analysis showed that there was significant effect between substitution mocaf to the organoleptik‟s characteristic of twist mocaf which is in the level of the crispiness,volume, and favour, but not for he colour,taste.smells,and texture. The result of microbiology test showed that twist has 4 weeks of expired date with the amount of kapang 0,98 x 102 kol/g below the maximum SNI standard which is 1,0 x 102 kol/g.Keyword: Twist, Pastry, Mocaf‟s Substitution