Longitudinal study on the association between three dietary indices, anthropometric parameters and blood lipids

Background: From a health promotion perspective, the use of dietary indices is preferred above single nutrients and foods to evaluate diet quality. Longitudinal research about the association between dietary indices and respectively anthropometric parameters and blood lipids is lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate the longitudinal association between three dietary indices (Healthy Eating Index-2010 (HEI), Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS) and Diet Quality Index (DQI)) and respectively anthropometric parameters and blood lipids. Methods: A three day diet record was completed by 373 men and 197 women in 2002-2004 and 2012-2014. HEI, MDS and DQI were calculated. Waist circumference (WC) and Body Mass Index (BMI) were used as anthropometric parameters. A linear regression analysis was performed to investigate associations between changes in dietary indices and changes in respectively anthropometric parameters and blood lipids, adjusted for potential confounders. Results: Only in men an increase in all three dietary indices was associated with a decrease in WC and BMI in the non-adjusted analysis and for HEI and DQI also in the adjusted analysis. No longitudinal associations were found between dietary indices and blood lipids both in men and women. Conclusions: Only few associations were found between dietary indices and anthropometric parameters, whilst no associations were found with blood lipids. An increase in dietary indices was associated with an improvement in anthropometric parameters only in men. As this is the first study investigating associations between changes in dietary indices and changes in respectively anthropometric parameters and blood lipids, further research is needed to evaluate these possible associations

Study on potato consumption will increase confusion regarding food and the risk of gestational diabetes

Using data from the Nurses’ Health Study II, Bao and colleagues found a higher prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) with increasing potato consumption.1 The authors stated that the high glycaemic index of potatoes, which causes a sharp postprandial rise in blood glucose concentrations and a risk of associated pancreatic β cells exhaustion, could explain this association

Contribution du Globus Pallidus et du noyau Entopédonculaire dans le contrôle de la locomotion et du mouvement d’atteinte chez le chat

Cette thèse aborde la contribution des noyaux gris centraux (NGCs) au contrôle de trois activités motrices importantes que sont la locomotion non obstruée, le contrôle visuoguidé des modifications de la locomotion et celui des mouvements d’atteinte. Ce travail s’inscrit dans le cadre des études antérieures entreprises par notre laboratoire. Celles-ci ont détaillé l’activité de plusieurs aires corticales que nous supposons impliquées dans la planification des modifications locomotrices. De nombreuses cellules enregistrées dans ces études montrent des décharges similaires, quel que soit le membre qui franchit l’obstacle en premier (limb-independent). Ce signal pouvant être transformé en signal dépendant du membre, ou « limb-dependent », pour déterminer, entre autres, quel membre franchira l’obstacle en premier. Nous proposons que les NGCs soient impliqués dans cette transformation et qu’ils puissent contribuer à la fois à la sélection du membre qui enjambera l’obstacle en premier, et à l’initiation des modifications nécessaires à l’enjambement. Pour tester cette hypothèse, nous avons enregistré l’activité pallidale (i.e. noyau entopédonculaire et globus pallidus) de cinq chats lors de la marche sur tapis roulant et lors de l’enjambement des obstacles attachés à celui-ci. Nos résultats ont tout d’abord montré qu’une large population de cellules modulait son activité en accord avec le rythme locomoteur. Un grand nombre d’entre elles présentaient des modifications de leur activité de décharge avant l’initiation de l’enjambement, mais uniquement par rapport au membre controlatéral au site de l’enregistrement. Nous suggérons que ceci serait compatible avec une participation à la sélection du membre. De plus, d’autres cellules déchargeaient avec de brèves bouffées d’activité avant et pendant le franchissement et pourraient fournir les caractéristiques temporelles de celui-ci. La majorité des cellules ont montré des changements reliés à la phase de balancement du membre controlatéral, cependant quelques cellules déchargeaient en rapport avec l’activité de plusieurs membres menant à la suggestion de leur possible contribution à la régulation de la séquence d’activité dans les quatre membres. Pour déterminer si les mêmes cellules contribuaient au mouvement d’atteinte, leur activité a également été enregistrée, après le transfert du chat, sur un appareillage adjacent. La plupart des cellules déchargeaient lors de l’atteinte et pendant la locomotion. Dans certains cas, les modifications étaient très similaires, avec des cellules qui déchargeaient pendant la phase de balancement à la locomotion et pendant la phase de transport pendant l’atteinte. L’activité des autres était plus contrastée, suggérant un contrôle dépendant du contexte et possiblement l’existence de circuits séparés, dans le contrôle de différents mouvements. La tâche d’atteinte nous a aussi permis de corréler les décharges pallidales, avec les ajustements posturaux anticipateurs (APAs) qui précèdent le mouvement, ou avec le mouvement lui-même. Seules quelques cellules ont montré une meilleure corrélation avec les APAs, suggérant un rôle préférentiel du pallidum dans le mouvement spécifiquement, plutôt que dans les activités posturales qui le précèdent. En conclusion, nos résultats suggèrent que l’activité pallidale est étroitement corrélée à différents aspects des activités motrices et suggèrent que le pallidum est bien placé pour, en fonction du contexte, intégrer et transformer le signal cortical et participer au contrôle précis du déplacement et du positionnement du membre. Notons que puisque les plus importants changements d’activité prenaient la forme d’augmentations plutôt que des diminutions, nous discutons la possibilité que ces augmentations puissent sculpter l’activité thalamo-corticale plutôt que relâcher le thalamus de son inhibition.This thesis addresses the issue of how the basal ganglia contribute to the control of three important motor activities: i) the control of non-obstructed locomotion, ii) the control of visually-guided gait modifications and iii) the control of visually-guided reaching movements. A major impetus for this work comes from previous studies from this laboratory that have detailed the activity of several cortical areas that we postulate are involved in the planning of gait modification. Many of the cells recorded in these studies show similar discharges regardless of which limb is the first to step over the obstacle (limb-independent). This signal therefore has to be transformed into a limb-dependent signal to determine, amongst other issues, which limb will be the first to step over the obstacle. We propose that the basal ganglia are involved in this transformation and that it might make a contribution both in selecting which limb will be the first to step over the obstacle as well as determining temporal aspects of the resulting step. To test this hypothesis, we recorded activity from the pallidum (i.e. globus pallidus and entopedoncular nucleus) of five cats trained to walk on a treadmill and to step over a moving obstacle attached to that treadmill. We showed that a large proportion of pallidal neurons modulated their discharge according to the locomotor rhythm. Many of these neurons discharged before the onset of the step over the obstacle, but only for the contralateral limb to the recording site, compatible with a bias toward selecting that limb. In addition, other cells discharged with brief bursts of activity before and during the step and might contribute to providing temporal information about the upcoming step. The majority of cells showed changes related to the swing phase of the contralateral limb but some cells discharged with respect to the activity in several limbs leading us to suggest a possible contribution to the regulation of the sequence of activity in the four limbs. To determine whether the same cells contributed to discrete reaches, neuronal activity was recorded from the same cells after the transfer of the cat from the treadmill to an adjacent apparatus. Most cells discharged during both behaviours and in some cases the discharges during gait modification and reaching were very similar. In particular, cells discharging during the swing phase of locomotion also discharged during the transport phase of the reach. In other cases, the activity was more disparate, suggesting a context-dependent control over the activity and perhaps the existence of separate circuits for the control of different movements. The reaching task allowed us to correlate the discharge with preparatory postural adjustments that precede movements. Only a few cells showed a better correlation with APAs in comparison with the movement, suggesting a preferential role of the pallidum in focal movements rather than in the preceding postural activities. In conclusion, our results suggest that the activity in the pallidum is tightly correlated with different aspects of motor activity, suggesting that the pallidum is well placed to integrate and transform cortical signals and participate in the precise control of limb displacement. It was noteworthy that the strongest and most frequent changes in activity were increases rather than decreases. We discuss the possibility that these increases in activity might sculpt thalamocortical activity rather than releasing the thalamus from inhibition

Relation between breast cancer and high glycemic index or glycemic load : a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies

Breast cancer is the commonest form of cancer in women worldwide. It has been suggested that chronic hyperinsulinemia associated with insulin resistance plays a role in breast cancer etiology. To test the hyperinsulinemia hypothesis, a dietary pattern associated with a high glycemic index and glycemic load, both proxies for chronic hyperinsulinemia, should be associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. A meta-analysis restricted to prospective cohort studies was undertaken using a random effects model with tests for statistical significance, publication bias and heterogeneity. The metric for analysis was the risk of breast cancer in the highest relative to the lowest glycemic index and glycemic load dietary pattern. A dietary pattern with a high glycemic index was associated with a summary relative risk (SRR) of 1.05 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.11), and a high glycemic load with a SRR of 1.06 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.13). Adjustments for body mass index [BMI], physical activity and other lifestyle factors did not influence the SRR, nor did menopausal status and estrogen receptor status of the tumor. In conclusion, the current evidence supports a modest association between a dietary pattern with high glycemic index or glycemic load and the risk of breast cancer

Dietary pattern analysis : a comparison between matched vegetarian and omnivorous subjects

Background: Dietary pattern analysis, based on the concept that foods eaten together are as important as a reductive methodology characterized by a single food or nutrient analysis, has emerged as an alternative approach to study the relation between nutrition and disease. The aim of the present study was to compare nutritional intake and the results of dietary pattern analysis in properly matched vegetarian and omnivorous subjects. Methods: Vegetarians (n = 69) were recruited via purposeful sampling and matched non-vegetarians (n = 69) with same age, gender, health and lifestyle characteristics were searched for via convenience sampling. Two dietary pattern analysis methods, the Healthy Eating Index-2010 (HEI-2010) and the Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS) were calculated and analysed in function of the nutrient intake. Results: Mean total energy intake was comparable between vegetarians and omnivorous subjects (p > 0.05). Macronutrient analysis revealed significant differences between the mean values for vegetarians and omnivorous subjects (absolute and relative protein and total fat intake were significantly lower in vegetarians, while carbohydrate and fibre intakes were significantly higher in vegetarians than in omnivorous subjects). The HEI and MDS were significantly higher for the vegetarians (HEI = 53.8.1 +/- 11.2; MDS = 4.3 +/- 1.3) compared to the omnivorous subjects (HEI = 46.4 +/- 15.3; MDS = 3.8 +/- 1.4). Conclusions: Our results indicate a more nutrient dense pattern, closer to the current dietary recommendations for the vegetarians compared to the omnivorous subjects. Both indexing systems were able to discriminate between the vegetarians and the non-vegetarians with higher scores for the vegetarian subjects

Bending the Medicare Cost Curve in 12 Months or Less: How Preventative Health Care can Yield Significant Near-Term Savings for Acute Care in Alberta

Over the course of more than 30 years, a series of Canadian government commissions and health policy researchers have repeatedly identified the importance of “bending the cost curve” to sustain publicly funded health care, and the potential to do so through upstream investment in health promotion and disease prevention. So far, however, the level of public investment in prevention represents only a slight portion of total public health care expenditure, largely consisting of traditional public health initiatives such as vaccinations, disease screening and information campaigns. This study of the Pure North S’Energy Foundation’s preventative health care program — wherein health care usage by program participants was measured against age- and sex-matched control samples — finds that the sort of preventative health care services offered by Pure North can lead to genuine and significant near-term cost savings for Canada’s single-payer health care system. Participants in the first year of the program required 25 per cent fewer hospital visits and 17 per cent fewer emergency room visits compared to the control group. Among those who persisted in the program for a year or longer, the effects were even more significant: 45 per cent fewer hospital visits in the year after joining, and 28 per cent fewer visits to emergency departments, compared to the control group. This represents real cost savings for a public health service: From $388 per person who joined the program to$677 per person who persisted beyond the first year. As a proportion of annual health spending for these participants on hospitals, emergency departments and general practitioners, this represents a cost reduction ranging from 22 to 39 per cent. If the Alberta government were able to implement this kind of program provincewide (at an estimated cost of $500 per participant), and were to realize similar results in terms of reduced strain on acute care services, it is possible that the province could free-up the equivalent of 1,632 hospital beds every year. That is roughly the same as building two entirely new hospitals each on the scale of Calgary’s Foothills Medical Centre. This demonstrates that “bending the cost curve” for public health care spending is not merely something that is realizable in the long term, but rather in the immediate future, as quickly as within a year after this kind of program could be implemented province-wide. And yet, the near-term savings in acute care services represent only the first wave of benefits. The prevalence of chronic diseases and conditions, including diabetes, heart disease, cancer and mental illness, have been rising and are projected to keep doing so over the coming decade. The Pure North program aims to prevent and address these health conditions and chronic diseases through a combination of screening and testing, lifestyle modification, nutrition education, the identification of nutritional deficiencies, and dietary supplements. The long-term benefits of a Pure North-style program implemented province-wide in Alberta are likely to be that much greater as the prevalence of diabetes, heart disease, cancer and mental illness is tempered through the use of widespread preventative care. Then there are the broader “indirect benefits” of a generally healthier population: higher labour productivity, higher incomes and greater well-being. These returns to the Alberta government, and taxpayer, have the potential to be as large, if not larger, than the direct benefits of significantly reduced acute care costs

Diet and foraging range of Slender-billed Gulls <i>Chroicocephalus genei</i> breeding in the Saloum Delta, Senegal

West African Slender-billed Gulls Chroicocephalus genei are considered vulnerable due to a very restricted breeding range. However, little information on their ecology is available to support conservation action. We describe diet and foraging range of Slender-billed Gulls breeding in the Saloum Delta National Park in Senegal. Diet was analysed on the basis of fish otoliths in excretion (mixture of pellets and faeces) collected near nests at the end of the incubation period between 2000 and 2015. Gulls mainly consumed fish of the families Cichlidae (25-93%), Clupeidae (0-54%) and Mugilidae (0-34%). The log-ratio proportion of Mugilidae increased significantly between 2000 and 2015, but there was no significant trend for other prey taxa. In 2014, UvA-BITS GPS-trackers were fitted to three Slender-billed Gulls to study movement and foraging range. During daytime, these gulls spent 27% of their time incubating the eggs, 10% elsewhere in the colony and 63% outside the colony on foraging trips. Foraging trips lasted on average 18 +/- 9.5 (+/- SD) hours. Total distance covered was on average 96 +/- 39 km with a maximum distance to the colony of 37 +/- 13 km. There were marked and consistent individual differences in the flight paths of the gulls. In two birds, foraging mainly took place in mangrove-bordered lagoons, salt pans, creeks, rivers and a complex of abandoned rice fields. The third bird almost exclusively explored the Atlantic coast near a fishing village in The Gambia. The home range and the foraging area of the three birds together measured 2400 and 1800 km(2), respectively. The diet components found near the nests of the three birds could only partly be related to their foraging areas

Physical activity, hormone replacement therapy and breast cancer risk : a meta-analysis of prospective studies

Lower risk of breast cancer has been reported among physically active women, but the risk in women using hormone replacement therapy (HRT) appears to be higher. We quantified the association between physical activity and breast cancer, and we examined the influence that HRT use and other risk factors had on this association. After a systematic literature search, prospective studies were meta-analysed using random-effect models applied on highest versus lowest level of physical activity. Dose-response analyses were conducted with studies reporting physical activity either in hours per week or in hours of metabolic equivalent per week (MET-h/week). The literature search identified 38 independent prospective studies published between 1987 and 2014 that included 116,304 breast cancer cases. Compared to the lowest level of physical activity, the highest level was associated with a summary relative risk (SRR) of 0.88 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.85, 0.90) for all breast cancer, 0.89 (95% CI 0.83, 0.95) for ER+/PR+ breast cancer and 0.80 (95% CI 0.69, 0.92) for ER-/PR- breast cancer. Risk reductions were not influenced by the type of physical activity (occupational or non-occupational), adiposity, and menopausal status. Risk reductions increased with increasing amounts of physical activity without threshold effect. In six studies, the SRR was 0.78 (95% CI 0.70, 0.87) in women who never used HRT and 0.97 (95% CI 0.88, 1.07) in women who ever used HRT, without heterogeneity in results. Findings indicate that a physically inactive women engaging in at least 150 min per week of vigorous physical activity would reduce their lifetime risk of breast cancer by 9%, a reduction that might be two times greater in women who never used HRT. Increasing physical activity is associated with meaningful reductions in the risk of breast cancer, but in women who ever used HRT, the preventative effect of physical activity seems to be cancelled out

Cross-sectional study on the relationship between the Mediterranean Diet Score and blood lipids

Background: Blood lipids are cardiovascular health indicators. High LDL cholesterol values and/or high total cholesterol (TC)/HDL cholesterol ratios are positively related with cardiovascular mortality. Evidence suggests that a Mediterranean diet can reduce the incidence of cardiovascular diseases. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet is often measured by the Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS). However, the association between the Mediterranean diet and blood lipid profiles seems still inconclusive. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the MDS, its different components and blood lipid profiles. Methods: A sample of 506 women and 707 men (aged 18-75 years) was recruited. Three-day diet records were used to calculate the MDS. Blood samples were analyzed for serum TC, LDL and HDL cholesterol. ANOVA was used to analyze blood lipids across the MDS tertiles. A multivariate linear regression analysis was performed to investigate the associations between the MDS, its components and blood lipids, adjusted for several confounders. All analyses were stratified by gender. Results: Few gender-specific associations were found between the MDS, its components and blood lipids. Only in men, the total MDS was negatively related with LDL cholesterol and the ratio TC/HDL cholesterol while positively with HDL cholesterol. In women, respectively two (MUFA/SFA and cereals) and in men three (fruits & nuts, meat and alcohol) of the nine MDS components were related with blood lipids. Conclusions: Analyses investigating the relationship between the MDS, its components and blood lipid profiles indicate only limited influence of the Mediterranean diet on blood lipids. More associations were detected in men compared to women