L'entretien d'auto-confrontation, un révélateur de normes interactionnelles intériorisées par l'enseignant de langue

I examine how stimulated recall interviews can be a way to access interactional norms in the second language classroom. The notion of norm both implies regularity and prescription. I consider that teachers themselves determine what is in the norm and what is not. My theoretical framework is influenced by teacher cognition. This paper focuses on teachers' representations, beliefs, and knowledge. The data I analyze consist in two transcripts from stimulated recall interviews conducted with an experienced teacher and a novice one. My research questions are the following: What is the nature of the interactional norms internalized by these teachers? How do these norms appear in their discourse? Are these norms justified or are they taken for granted? The two teachers tend to typify their actions and to express precepts. They are aware of cases of discrepancy with their internalized norms and try to justify them. Different sources can be found for internalized norms: education, training and experience. Finally, the teachers tend to legitimize their discourse and their action due to the specific situation of communication

Bi-phonic voice: a study of the potential for using the extended vibrational qualities of overtone chanting and singing as an intervention in training the speaking voice

Research report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts by Coursework and research report School of Arts, Drama Division University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South AfricaThis study examines human vocal production through the lens of vibration. The needs of the speaking voice in terms of communication are explored, with particular emphasis on the vocal needs of the professional speaker, where extended range and resonance will ensure optimum communicative effect. As this goal may require training, a comparative study is presented of approaches to vocal training that have the aim of improving resonance and range while minimising damage to the vocal apparatus. These approaches include the quest to overcome physical, societal and emotional blocks to effective vocal production. This comparative study is based on the writings of a selection of popular vocal training theorists’ writings. To enhance the study of effective vocal production, the physical and physiological means of meeting the needs of producing voice are explored, by an interrogation of what vibration is in terms of vocal production. To investigate this, I have examined the physical nature of vibration, followed by the physiological aspect of this vibration as it relates to vocal production. Included in this investigation is an appreciation of what might affect the vibrations of speech that relate to resonance and range, to either enhance or hinder them. Because Bi-phonic voice, or Overtone singing and chanting, uses extended vibrational qualities, this study explores the possibility of using these vibrational qualities in vocal training to extend range and resonance. A brief ethnological study of Bi-phonic voice is presented followed by an examination of its functioning with emphasis on the manner in which the vibrations used may differ from those in western vocal techniques. Experiential reports of Bi-phonic vocal production, obtained through interviews, are presented, which in conjunction with literature on the practice will contribute to ascertaining whether there is in fact potential for using the techniques, without endangering the vocal apparatus, as an adjunct to current vocal training trends

Long-Term Temporal Analysis of the Human Fecal Microbiota Revealed a Stable Core of Dominant Bacterial Species

Next-generation sequencing has greatly contributed to an improved ecological understanding of the human gut microbiota. Nevertheless, questions remain regarding the characteristics of this ecosystem and the ecological processes that shape it, and controversy has arisen regarding the stability of the bacterial populations and the existence of a temporal core. In this study, we have characterized the fecal microbial communities of three human individuals over a one-year period by 454 pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA tags in order to investigate the temporal characteristics of the bacterial communities. The findings revealed a temporal core of 33 to 40 species-level Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) within subjects. Although these OTUs accounted only for around 12% of the total OTUs detected, they added up to \u3e75% of the total sequences obtained for each individual. In order to determine the capacity of the sequencing and bioinformatic approaches applied during this study to accurately determine the proportion of a core microbiota, we analyzed the fecal microbiota of nine mice with a defined three-member community. This experiment revealed that the sequencing approach inflated the amount of rare OTUs, which introduced a significant degree of artificial variation across samples, and hence reduced the apparent fraction of shared OTUs. However, when assessing the data quantitatively by focusing on dominant lineages, the sequencing approaches deliver an accurate representation of the community. In conclusion, this study revealed that the human fecal microbiota is dominated by around 40 species that maintain persistent populations over the duration of one year. The findings allow conclusions about the ecological factors that shape the community and support the concept of a homeostatic ecosystem controlled largely by deterministic processes. Our analysis of a three-member community revealed that methodological artifacts of OTU-based approaches complicate core calculations, and these limitations have to be considered in the interpretation of microbiome studies

Silicon hyperuniform disordered photonic materials with a pronounced gap in the shortwave infrared

The mesoscale fabrication of silicon hyperuniform disordered materials with a broad and pronounced photonic gap in the shortwave infrared is reported. Due to their unique structure and their high refractive index, these fascinating materials are predicted to possess a complete photonic bandgap in the absence of any long-range order

La photographie, déclencheur d'interaction en classe de langue : négociations entre apprenants

Dans le cadre d'une observation participante, des photographies d'art ont été utilisées comme support didactique afin de déclencher la parole en classe de français enseigné comme langue étrangère. L'analyse de ces séquences de classe porte sur la forme et les enjeux des interactions, ainsi que sur les perspectives didactiques apportées par une telle activité. Le corpus mettant en évidence des divergences entre les apprenants, la notion de négociation permet de rendre compte des efforts des participants pour trouver un accord. Cette négociation est tout d’abord de nature métalinguistique. Le débat entre les apprenants porte sur les signes et leurs référents. Cette activité pédagogique conduit aussi les apprenants à confronter leurs points de vue sur les significations de la photographie. La négociation du contenu débouche sur une construction collective du sens de l’image. Enfin, la négociation concerne les identités culturelles des apprenants : ces derniers mettent les photographies en relation avec leurs univers culturels. Cette situation didactique constitue un lieu d’échanges interculturels et favorise un apprentissage entre pairs.This contribution deals with participant observation of students learning French as a foreign language. Artistic photographs were used to trigger oral expression. The analysis of the corpus examines the specificities of the interaction, and its relevance to foreign language teaching. The interaction highlights disagreements between students; thus the notion of “negotiation” can be used to account for the participants’ efforts to find common ground. Initial negotiation is metalinguistic. Students debate about signs and their references. The activity also drives students to confront their opinions on the interpretation of the photograph. The negotiation of content leads to a co-construction of the meaning of the picture. Finally, students negotiate their cultural identities. While commenting on the photograph, they refer to their cultural worlds. The activity thus encourages students to have intercultural exchanges and to learn from their peers

"Tout ce que nous faisions me paraissait virtuel"

Notre réflexion porte sur la perception d'un dispositif de télécollaboration par des étudiants en didactique jouant le rôle de tuteurs en ligne pour des apprenants de français à Hong Kong. Après avoir inscrit le projet de télécollaboration dans le contexte de la formation des enseignants de langue, nous montrons comment la conception des interactions verbales chez les tuteurs peut entrer en contradiction avec la communication en ligne dans le cadre du projet. Notre analyse prend appui sur les écrits réflexifs rédigés par les tuteurs. Trois enjeux principaux apparaissent : le numérique est associé à une forme de virtualité et d'irréalité, la distance physique à une distance affective, les interactions asynchrones à une absence d'interactions.This article deals with students in teaching methodology playing the role of online tutors for French language learners in Hong Kong. We examine here their perception of that telecollaborative project. After situating such exchanges within the framework of language teacher training, we show how the tutors' representation of verbal interaction may contradict the online communication in the project. Our analysis is based on reflexive texts written by tutors. Three main issues are to be found : the digital medium evokes for them virtuality and unreality ; physical distance means emotional distance ; and thirdly asynchronous interaction signifies in their mind no interaction

Photonic hyperuniform networks obtained by silicon double inversion of polymer templates

Hyperuniform disordered networks belong to a peculiar class of structured materials predicted to display isotropic complete photonic bandgaps for a refractive index contrast larger than 3. The practical realization of such photonic designer materials is challenging, however, as it requires control over a multi-step fabrication process on optical length scales. Here we report the direct-laser writing of three-dimensional hyperuniform polymeric templates followed by a silicon double inversion procedure leading to high-quality network structures made of polycrystalline silicon. We observe a pronounced gap in the shortwave infrared centered at a wavelength of Gap≃2.5  μm, in good agreement with numerical simulations. In the experiments the typical structural length scale can be varied between 2 and 1.54 μm, leading to a blueshift of the gap accompanied by an increase of the silicon filling fraction

Deletional Analysis of the rod Photoreceptor Cell Peripherin/RDS Carboxy-Terminal Region

The C-terminal region of peripherin/rds contains three predicted α-helical domains. One of these domains, corresponding to amino acids 311-322, form an amphiphilic α-helix previously shown to promote membrane fusion. The present studies were conducted to determine how the additional α-helical regions of the peripherin/rds C-terminus affect complex formation with rom-1, glycosylation, intracellular localization and membrane fusion properties. Bovine peripherin/rds and rom-1 were epitope tagged with an amino-terminal FLAG-tag or amino-terminal hemagglutinin (HA)-tag, respectively, and cloned into the pCI-neo expression vector for transient transfection into COS cells. Similarly, four C-terminal peripherin/rds truncation mutants (Δ1, Δ2, Δ3 and Δ4), corresponding to deletions of -19, -29, -39 and -59 amino acids were designed to disrupt the α-helical domains. Immunofluorescence microscopy and enzymatic digestions demonstrated that full-length peripherin/rds and the four C-terminal deletion mutants were localized to intracellular membranes and were all Endo-H sensitive. Western blotting and immunoprecipitation studies showed that the FLAG-tagged bovine peripherin/rds (full-length) was expressed as a 76 kDa dimer, which associates with HA-tagged rom-1 to form a higher order complex. The deletion mutants were also able to associate with rom-1. However, when analyzed using non-denaturing tricine electrophoresis, full-length peripherin/rds and the Δ1, Δ2 and Δ3 mutants formed homo-oligomeric complexes, while the Δ4 mutant appeared to form only homodimers suggesting a region upstream of amino acid 300 may be involved in C-terminal interactions. Membrane fusion was then evaluated using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (RET) techniques. Intracellular COS cell membranes containing full-length peripherin/rds fused with rod outer segment plasma membrane vesicles. This fusion was inhibited with the addition of a synthetic peptide (PP-5) corresponding to the fusion domain of peripherin/rds. In contrast, fusion was negligible with any of the C-terminal truncation mutants. Collectively, these results suggest that in addition to the fusion domain, other regions of the peripherin/rds C-terminus are required for fusion. Most interesting is the observation that the last 19 amino acids, a region downstream of the fusion peptide that is deleted in the Δ1 mutant, appear to be necessary for fusion. This region corresponds to the epitope for anti-peripherin/rds monoclonal antibody 2B6, which is shown to partially inhibit peripherin/rds mediated membrane fusion. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd

Deletional Analysis of the Rod Photoreceptor Cell Peripherin/RDS Carboxy-Terminal Region

The C-terminal region of peripherin/rds contains three predicted α-helical domains. One of these domains, corresponding to amino acids 311–322, form an amphiphilic α-helix previously shown to promote membrane fusion. The present studies were conducted to determine how the additional α-helical regions of the peripherin/rds C-terminus affect complex formation with rom-1, glycosylation, intracellular localization and membrane fusion properties. Bovine peripherin/rds and rom-1 were epitope tagged with an amino-terminal FLAG-tag or amino-terminal hemagglutinin (HA)-tag, respectively, and cloned into the pCI-neo expression vector for transient transfection into COS cells. Similarly, four C-terminal peripherin/rds truncation mutants (Δ1, Δ2, Δ3 and Δ4), corresponding to deletions of −19, −29, −39 and −59 amino acids were designed to disrupt the α-helical domains. Immunofluorescence microscopy and enzymatic digestions demonstrated that full-length peripherin/rds and the four C-terminal deletion mutants were localized to intracellular membranes and were all Endo-H sensitive. Western blotting and immunoprecipitation studies showed that the FLAG-tagged bovine peripherin/rds (full-length) was expressed as a 76 kDa dimer, which associates with HA-tagged rom-1 to form a higher order complex. The deletion mutants were also able to associate with rom-1. However, when analyzed using non-denaturing tricine electrophoresis, full-length peripherin/rds and the Δ1, Δ2 and Δ3 mutants formed homo-oligomeric complexes, while the Δ4 mutant appeared to form only homodimers suggesting a region upstream of amino acid 300 may be involved in C-terminal interactions. Membrane fusion was then evaluated using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (RET) techniques. Intracellular COS cell membranes containing full-length peripherin/rds fused with rod outer segment plasma membrane vesicles. This fusion was inhibited with the addition of a synthetic peptide (PP-5) corresponding to the fusion domain of peripherin/rds. In contrast, fusion was negligible with any of the C-terminal truncation mutants. Collectively, these results suggest that in addition to the fusion domain, other regions of the peripherin/rds C-terminus are required for fusion. Most interesting is the observation that the last 19 amino acids, a region downstream of the fusion peptide that is deleted in the Δ1 mutant, appear to be necessary for fusion. This region corresponds to the epitope for anti-peripherin/ rds monoclonal antibody 2B6, which is shown to partially inhibit peripherin/rds mediated membrane fusion