31,333 research outputs found
Flame sprayed dielectric coatings improve heat dissipation in electronic packaging
Heat sinks in electronic packaging can be flame sprayed with dielectric coatings of alumina or beryllia and finished off with an organic sealer to provide high heat and electrical resistivity
Solving the m-mixing problem for the three-dimensional time-dependent Schr\"{o}dinger equation by rotations: application to strong-field ionization of H2+
We present a very efficient technique for solving the three-dimensional
time-dependent Schrodinger equation. Our method is applicable to a wide range
of problems where a fullly three-dimensional solution is required, i.e., to
cases where no symmetries exist that reduce the dimensionally of the problem.
Examples include arbitrarily oriented molecules in external fields and atoms
interacting with elliptically polarized light. We demonstrate that even in such
cases, the three-dimensional problem can be decomposed exactly into two
two-dimensional problems at the cost of introducing a trivial rotation
transformation. We supplement the theoretical framework with numerical results
on strong-field ionization of arbitrarily oriented H2+ molecules.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure
A case-study on project-level CO2 mitigation costs in industrialised countries - the Climate Cent Foundation in Switzerland
We analyse CO2 emissions reduction costs based on project data from the Climate Cent Foundation (CCF), a climate policy instrument in Switzerland. We draw four conclusions.
First, for the projects investigated, the CCF on average pays € 63/t. Due to the Kyoto Protocol, the CCF buys reductions until 2012 only. This cutoff increases reported per ton reduction costs, as the additional lifetime project costs are set in relation to reductions until 2012 only, rather than to reductions realised over the whole lifetime. Lifetime reduction costs are € 45/t. Second, correlation between CCF's payments and lifetime reduction costs per ton
is low. Projects with low per ton reduction costs should thus be identified based on lifetime per ton reduction costs. Third, the wide range of project costs per ton observed casts doubts on the widely used identification of the merit order of reduction measures based on average
per ton costs for technology types. Finally, the CCF covers only a fraction of additional reduction costs. Decisions to take reduction efforts thus depend on additional, non observable and/or non-economic motives. Any generalisation of results has to consider that this analysis is based on prospective costs of a sub-sample of projects in Switzerland
On the gamma-ray emission of Type Ia Supernovae
A multi-dimension, time-dependent Monte Carlo code is used to compute sample
gamma-ray spectra to explore whether unambiguous constraints could be obtained
from gamma-ray observations of Type Ia supernovae. Both spherical and
aspherical geometries are considered and it is shown that moderate departures
from sphericity can produce viewing-angle effects that are at least as
significant as those caused by the variation of key parameters in
one-dimensional models. Thus gamma-ray data could in principle carry some
geometrical information, and caution should be applied when discussing the
value of gamma-ray data based only on one-dimensional explosion models. In
light of the limited sensitivity of current gamma-ray observatories, the
computed theoretical spectra are studied to revisit the issue of whether useful
constraints could be obtained for moderately nearby objects. The most useful
gamma-ray measurements are likely to be of the light curve and time-dependent
hardness ratios, but sensitivity higher than currently available, particularly
at relatively hard energies (~2-3 MeV), is desirable.Comment: 10 pages, 8 figures. Accepted by MNRAS. Minor changes to clarify
discussion in Section
Evidence for O-atom exchange in the O(^1D) + N_2O reaction as the source of mass-independent isotopic fractionation in atmospheric N_2O
Recent experiments have shown that in the oxygen isotopic exchange reaction for O(^1D) + CO_2 the elastic channel is approximately 50% that of the inelastic channel [Perri et al., 2003]. We propose an analogous oxygen atom exchange reaction for the isoelectronic O(^1D) + N_2O system to explain the mass-independent isotopic fractionation (MIF) in atmospheric N_2O. We apply quantum chemical methods to compute the energetics of the potential energy surfaces on which the O(^1D) + N_2O reaction occurs. Preliminary modeling results indicate that oxygen isotopic exchange via O(^1D) + N_2O can account for the MIF oxygen anomaly if the oxygen atom isotopic exchange rate is 30–50% that of the total rate for the reactive channels
Negative Differential Resistance Induced by Mn Substitution at SrRuO3/Nb:SrTiO3 Schottky Interfaces
We observed a strong modulation in the current-voltage characteristics of
SrRuO/Nb:SrTiO Schottky junctions by Mn substitution in SrRuO,
which induces a metal-insulator transition in bulk. The temperature dependence
of the junction ideality factor indicates an increased spatial inhomogeneity of
the interface potential with substitution. Furthermore, negative differential
resistance was observed at low temperatures, indicating the formation of a
resonant state by Mn substitution. By spatially varying the position of the Mn
dopants across the interface with single unit cell control, we can isolate the
origin of this resonant state to the interface SrRuO layer. These results
demonstrate a conceptually different approach to controlling interface states
by utilizing the highly sensitive response of conducting perovskites to
impurities
Reply to comment by Röckmann and Kaiser on "Evidence for O-atom exchange in the O(^1D) + N_2O reaction as the source of mass-independent isotopic fractionation in atmospheric N_2O"
Based upon the authors’ questioning of the existence
of the C_(2v) intermediate, we have reviewed our evidence for
the existence of this state. It now appears that this state was in fact an artifact of our calculation [Yung et al., 2004], and was a saddle point rather than a true minimum. Our desire to provide a timely response to this criticism has kept us from determining exactly what minimum structure will be obtained by a full minimization at the level of theory employed. However, it is clear that the C_(2v) symmetry of the compound is broken in such a way that the two N-O bonds are no longer equivalent. We are grateful to the authors for helping us resolve this issue
Multiscale Coupling of One-dimensional Vascular Models and Elastic Tissues
We present a computational multiscale model for the efficient simulation of vascularized tissues, composed of an elastic three-dimensional matrix and a vascular network. The effect of blood vessel pressure on the elastic tissue is surrogated via hyper-singular forcing terms in the elasticity equations, which depend on the fluid pressure. In turn, the blood flow in vessels is treated as a one-dimensional network. Intravascular pressure and velocity are simulated using a high-order finite volume scheme, while the elasticity equations for the tissue are solved using a finite element method. This work addresses the feasibility and the potential of the proposed coupled multiscale model. In particular, we assess whether the multiscale model is able to reproduce the tissue response at the effective scale (of the order of millimeters) while modeling the vasculature at the microscale. We validate the multiscale method against a full scale (three-dimensional) model, where the fluid/tissue interface is fully discretized and treated as a Neumann boundary for the elasticity equation. Next, we present simulation results obtained with the proposed approach in a realistic scenario, demonstrating that the method can robustly and efficiently handle the one-way coupling between complex fluid microstructures and the elastic matrix
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