Divorce Law in Kenya: In Support of a Uniform No-Fault Regime

In 2014, Kenya enacted the Marriage Act to amend and consolidate various laws on marriage and divorce. Among the amendments introduced was the irretrievable breakdown ground of divorce alongside more traditional fault-based grounds. The court in CWL v HN noted that the introduction of this ground had effectively done away with the need for petitioners to provide evidence of matrimonial fault in divorce proceedings. Despite this, the Act still maintains traditional fault grounds for divorce not only as independent grounds but also as factors to be considered when determining whether a marriage has irretrievably broken down. The author contends that this retention of fault-based requirements reflects an outdated position and contradicts the thinking behind the introduction of irretrievable breakdown as a divorce ground. This study, therefore, proposes adopting a uniform no-fault divorce system premised on irretrievable breakdown. To better align this system with the dual objective of protecting individual dignity while also safeguarding the dignity and sanctity of marriage, the study proposes a model that includes a mandatory requirement to attempt reconciliation before petitioning for divorce

Grappling with Social Insecurities in the Context of Causalization in Tanzania:A Case Study of Casual Cleaners’ Coping Strategies

The current wave of neoliberal ideology and practices in Tanzania has touched every aspect of everyday life of individuals in the society ranging from culture, social and economic context. The restructuring of labour market has resulted into causalization of labour which is increasingly reading to more work which are not standardized and lack of social protection. In line of this is increase of social insecurities which demand new tactics from labourers who are left alone to act individually to solve their own social problems. This paper use empirical findings through qualitative case study from Tanzania to show how casual cleaners are strategically using a multiplicity of mechanisms to handle the social hardship they face in their labour conditions. The paper add value by voicing out the lived experiences of casual themselves and open more avenue to conduct taken for granted marginalized groups which are increasingly growing.Keywords: Causal labour, neoliberalism, social insecurities, qualitative researc

Evaluation of community participation in water quality monitoring by the use of water quality descriptors as a preliminary approach to assessing water quality

A research on the participation of a mining community in Zimbabwe to assess the water quality that they consume.This research was carried out in 1997 at a chosen mine in Zimbabwe in order to determine and assess participation by communities from mining areas in monitoring the quality of water they use through procedures that are alternatives of laboratory experiments. Questionnaires, group discussions and observations were used to collect data on community knowledge in water quality issues. The results show that communities have water quality descriptors derived from their experience. They use these descriptors everyday to discuss the quality of the water they use. These descriptors are closely related to water quality parameters as analyzed in the laboratory. The findings, therefore, show that it is possible to organize communities to continuously and systematically monitor the quality of water in their areas as a preliminary approach to chemical and microbial analyses by research scientists or local water engineers and local environmental health technicians

Secondary School Pupils’ And Teachers’ Perceptions Of Context-Led Teaching And Learning Of Science

A ZBTE opinion poll on students/ teachers perceptions on context- led teaching/ learning of science subjects.The study looked at some Zimbabwean students and teachers’ perceptions about the use of context based teaching / leaming. Questionnaires, teacher reflections and interviews were used to collect data from ten teachers and 350 form three students. The perceptions were sought in relation to the effect of context led teaching on participation, motivation and relevance of science to real life, as well as on conceptual understanding. Most students and teachers viewed the use of the approach positively. The study also revealed that an enabling environment has to be created for the approach to be implemented effectively

Test Fungsi Hati Pada Petani Pemakai Pestisida Di Daerah Pertanian Tanaman Pangan Jawa Timur

Peningkatan produksi pertanian atau kehutanan sangat penting dalam swasembada pangan dan sebagai barang eksport. Peningkatan produksi tidak bisa terlepas dari peningkatan pemakai pestisida , sehingga perlu penglolaan pestisida ar mengurangi negayif dan meningkatkan dampak positifnya

The efficacy of silver/copper nanoparticles in biofilm control on water supply pipeline materials.

Masters Degree. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban.Biofilms are microorganisms that inhabit inside a matrix made mainly of exopolysaccharides that are secreted from the micriobual consortia. Silver and copper ions efficacies have been proven in vitro, but, Huang, et al., (2008) confirmed the problem of biofilms altering the effects of these chemicals on the bacteria. The microbial killing effects of copper are in consequence of oxidation of the sulfhydryl groups of enzymes within the bacterial cell. The oxidation of these enzymes inhibits the enzymes activity halting the respiratory function of the cell, thus killing the bacterial cell (Pyle, et al., 1992). Silver nanoparticles increase the permeability of the cell membrane leading to cell leakage. The infiltration of silver ions in the mitochondria of the cell disrupts the ATP production by affecting the respiratory function enzymes resulting in the deformation of the chain that forms ATP. In a preceding study, biofilm bacterium were exposed to silver nanoparticles for various periods in 1mg and 2mg (per 25ml) concentrations. The results displayed a natural log delay with the required bacterial count being obtained at day 7. The research herein, was aimed at investigating the reduction of the effective time, the synergetic effects of copper nanoparticles and the application of nanoparticles in flow conditions. Concentrations of 10mg, 20mg and 50mg (per 25ml) of silver and copper nanoparticles were utilized in beaker and channel flow experimental setup varying the exposure time. A combination of copper and silver nanoparticles with concentrations 5mg ,10mg and 50mg were also tested in similar conditions to investigate the synergetic effects of the two heavy metals. In this experiment the silver nitrate and copper nitrate were reduced by citric acid and sodium hydroxide was used as the analytical agent. Given the results obtained, it is seen that the chemical application with flow aids the reduction of bacteria and the optimum concentration is between 10mg and 20mg (per 25ml) and it can be concluded that there is a synergetic effect between the silver and copper nanoparticles

Relationship Between Student Characteristics and Handwashing Habit with Worm Disease Incidence in Islamic Boarding School Blitar District

Worm disease incidence in islamic boarding school can be influenced by student characteristics and handwashing habit. Student characteristics were cocidered into age and lived period in islamic boarding school. Hand washing were seen from handwashing habit before ate and after defecation. Purpose of this study was to analyze relationship between student characteristics and handwashing habit with worm disease incidence in islamic boarding school. This study was observational analytic study with cross sectional design. Student characteristics and handwashing habit data were obtained questionnaires by 71 students. Worm disease incidence was known from laboratory testing of student feces. Worm disease incidence in islamic boarding school were 2.8% with worm species were Enterobius vermicularis and Hookworm. Results of data collection were analyzed using Chi Square test with value of α = 0.05. Student characteristics showed most student was 16 years old and live in boarding school for 1 year. Hand washing habit student islamoc boarding school before eating was bad and after defecation was good. There was a relationship between live period in islamic boarding school (p = 0.016), handwashing habit before eating (p = 0.008) and after defecation (p = 0.018) with worm disease incidence. There was no relationship between age and worm disease incidence (p = 0.205). Student islamic boarding school should improve handwashing habit before eating and after defecation used soap and running water

Relationship Between Drinking Water With Blood Arsenic Level And Skin Lesions Occurrence in Buyat Village North Sulawesi Indonesia

Kontaminasi Arsenik pada air tanah merupakan krisis kesehatan masyarakat di daerah Buyat,\ud dimana penduduk yang terkontaminasi arsenik melalui air minum dari sumur gali yang\ud digunakan untuk minum dapat menimbulkan berbagai lesi kulit. Studi kasus control\ud dimaksudkan untuk meneliti faktor risiko air minum dengan konqentrasi arsenik dalam darah\ud dan lesi kulit. Jumlah sampel sebanyak 54 kasus yang menderita lesi kulit dan sebanyak 54\ud kontrol dengan tidak ada lesi kulit. Kemudian dilakukan analisis risiko dengan menggunakan\ud Odd Rasio (OR). Hasil menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi arsenik dalam air minum pada sumur\ud gali sekitar 0,0 1 -0, I 04 mg/L (rata-rata 0,05 6 mgll). Analisis risiko antara konsentrasi arsenik\ud dalam air minum dengan konsentrasi arsenic dalam darah didapatkan nilai OR: 19,45 95yo\ud CI: 6,52-58,00), kemudian kadar arsenik dalam darah dengan kejadian lesi kulit (keratosis dan\ud hiperkeratosis)d idapatkann ilai OR: 15,63,CI95yo:4,94-49,4A).P enelitianI ni menyimpulkan\ud bahwa tingginya kadar arsenik dalam air minum dan darah merupakan faktor risiko teljadinya\ud lesi kulit pada penduduk di daerah Buyat Sulawesi Utara Indonesia