Heavy metals phytoremediation using Typha domingensis Flourishing in an industrial effluent drainage in Kano, Nigeria

Phytoremediation as a tool employs aquatic macrophytes as a principal and inexpensive strategy for controlling environmental pollution. It is achieved through various mechanisms such as phytoextraction, phytostabilization, and phytovolatilization. In this study, heavy metal content of a contaminated drainage that empties into the Kano River was investigated by assessing the uptake of heavy metal contaminants by a notorious aquatic weed, “Typha domingensis”. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) was used to determine the concentration of Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr and Fe in the effluent, sediment and T. domingensis in the months of January, April and July 2013, covering the seasonal weather pattern in the area. In addition, the Bioconcentration factor (BCF) of these metal pollutants in T. domingensis, were calculated as the ratio of their concentration in Typha domingensis to the effluent while the Transfer factor (TF), as the ratio of these substances in T. domingensis to the sediment. From the results, Cu, Fe and Zn concentrations were statistically different (p<0.05) in the effluent as well as in the sediment across the sampling months, while Pb and Cr were significant only in the sediment. The BCF values obtained for these metals in the test plant were >1 except for Fe in April, which indicates the plant capacity for phytoextraction. Similarly, TF values obtained were >1 except for Pb, Fe and Cu in the months of January, April and July respectively. This also indicates the potentiality of T. domingensis as a nutrient and metalaccumulating plant through the process of sequestration. The findings of this work have demonstrated the capacity of T. domingensis in the effluent drainage, not only playing an ecological role in the environment, but also to remove heavy metal pollutants. Therefore, the plant species could be used for phytoremediation of industrial effluent contaminating ecosystems.Keywords; T. domingensis, phytoremediation, Heavy metals, industrial effluen

Uji Efektivitas Jamur Antagonis Trichoderma SP. Dan Gliocladium SP. Untuk Mengendalikan Penyakit Lanas (Phytophthora Nicotianae) Pada Tanaman Tembakau Deli (Nicotiana Tabaccum L.)

The test of the effectiviveness of Trichoderma sp. and Gliocladium sp. antagonism fungi is aimed tocontrol lanas disease (Phytophthora nicotianae) in Deli tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabaccum L.). Theaim of the research was to know the effectiveness of Trichoderma sp. andGliocladium sp.antagonism fungi in controlling lanas disease in Deli tobacco plants. The research wasconducted at Tembakau Deli Research Center of PTPN II Sampali, Medan, from May untilSeptember, 2012. The research used non-factorial RAK (cluster random design) with ten treantmentsand three repetitions: control, P.nicotianae, 5 grams of Trichoderma sp., 10 grams of Trichoderma sp.,15 grams of Trichoderma sp., 20 grams of Trichoderma sp., 5 grams of Gliocladium sp.,10 grams of Gliocladium sp., 15 grams of Gliocladium sp., and 20 grams of Gliocladium sp. The resultof the research showed that the percentage of the highest attack was found in the treatment ofP.nicotianae (25.00%), but there was no symptom (0,00%) in the treatments of control,15 grams of Trichoderma sp., 20 grams of Trichoderma sp., 10 grams of Gliocladium sp.,15 grams of Gliocladium sp., and 20 grams of Gliocladium sp. The highest plant was found in thetreatment of 20 grams of Gliocladium sp. (50,92 centimeters) and the lowest plant was found in thetreatment of P.nicotianae (31,14 centimeters). The largest number of leaves was found in treatment of20 grams of Gliocladium sp. (20,18 leaves), and the smallest number of leaves was found in thetreatment of P.nicotianae (9,25 leaves). The result of the test of Trichoderma sp. and Gliocladium sp.antagonism fungi on P.nicotianae indicated that the growth of both fungi had rapidly developed so thatP.nicotianae tended to get away from antagonism at the media in the laboratory

Penerapan Pembelajaran Kooperatif Terpadu NHT dan TSTS Dalam Mengatasi Kesulitan Belajar Struktur Atom dan Sistem Periodik Unsur

Pada tahun 2013 peneliti telah mengembangkan perangkat pembelajaran kimia dengan menggunakan model pembelajaran kooperatif terpadu Numbered Head Together (NHT) dan Two Stay Two Stray (TSTS). Hasil penelitian pada tahun 2013 di SMAN 7 Mataram dan  SMAN 3 Mataram menunjukkan bahwa: a) guru kimia belum pernah melakukan pembelajaran kooperatif dan hanya beberapa siswa yang aktif saat pembelajaran berlangsung, b)  lebih dari 50% siswa mengalami kesulitan belajar pada materi struktur atom, sistem periodik unsur, dan ikatan kimia. Pada tahun 2014, perangkat pembelajaran kimia tersebut diimplementasikan di kelas X guna mengetahui efektifitasnya. Hasil penelitian pada materi struktur atom dan sistem periodik unsur adalah: a) pembelajaran pada kelas eksperimen belum menunjukkan hasil yang berbeda secara signifikan dengan kelas kontrol dalam mengatasi kesulitan belajar siswa kelas X memahami konsep-konsep kimia. Rata-rata kesulitan belajarnya hampir sama yaitu sebesar 53,53% dan 55,15%, b)  kelas eksperimen memiliki kesulitan belajar lebih rendah daripada kelas kontrol pada 8 indikator dari 12 indikator pemahaman materi struktur atom dan sistem periodik unsu

Uji Efektivitas Trichoderma Harzianum Dan Pemberian Arang Batok Kelapa Sebagai Pengendalian Hayati Penyakit Lanas (Phytophtora Nicotianae De Hann ) Pada Tanaman Tembakau Deli

Test Effectiveness of Trichoderma harzianum and Coconut Shell Charcoal Granting of controlBiological Disease As Lanas (Phytophtora nicotianae de Hann) In Tobacco Plants Deli. The studyaims to determine the concentration of T. harzianum and charcoal administration is most effectivein controlling diseases in plants Tobacco P.nicotianae Deli. The experiment was conducted at theExperimental Farm Deli Sampali Tobacco Research Institute, Medan. This research used arandomized block design factorial with two factors and three replications. The first factor T.harzianum (T) consists of (T0) without treatment, (T1) T.harzianum that in cultures on corn mediawith a dose of 10 g / plant, (T2) T.harzianum that in cultures on corn media with a dose of 15 g /plant, (T3) T.harzianum that in cultures on corn media with a dose of 20 g / plant and the secondfactor consists of charcoal administration (A0) without treatment, (A1) coconut charcoal with adose of 20 g / plant. The results showed the highest percentage of attacks are on treatment T0A0amounting 99.71% and the lowest percentage of attacks are on treatment T3A1 (T.harzianum that incorn cultured on medium with a dose of 20 g / plant and coconut shell charcoal with a dose of 20 g /plant ) by 0.71%. The highest number of leaves found in treatment T3 (T.harzianum that in cultureson corn media with a dose of 20 g / plant strands at 11.67 and the lowest at treatment T0 (control) of7.17strands