PHOTOCATALYTICDEGRADATION OF RHODAMIN-B USING METAL COMPLEXES AND HYDROGEN PEROXIDE

ABSTRACT The photocatalytic degradation has been considered to be an efficient process for degradation of organic pollutants, which are present in the effluents released by industries. Thephotocatalytic bleaching was carried out on rhodamin-B (cationic dye) in the presence of iron (III) complex, hydrogen peroxide and was observed spectrophotometrically. The effect of various operating variables like pH, concentration of complex and dye, amount of HzOzand light intensity etc. was also observed on the efficiency of the reaction. A tentative mechanism has also been proposed for this photocatalytic degradation of rhodamin-B. Keywords: Photocatalytic degradation, rhodamin-B, metal complexes, hydrogen peroxide

Global, regional, and national under-5 mortality, adult mortality, age-specific mortality, and life expectancy, 1970–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

BACKGROUND: Detailed assessments of mortality patterns, particularly age-specific mortality, represent a crucial input that enables health systems to target interventions to specific populations. Understanding how all-cause mortality has changed with respect to development status can identify exemplars for best practice. To accomplish this, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) estimated age-specific and sex-specific all-cause mortality between 1970 and 2016 for 195 countries and territories and at the subnational level for the five countries with a population greater than 200 million in 2016. METHODS: We have evaluated how well civil registration systems captured deaths using a set of demographic methods called death distribution methods for adults and from consideration of survey and census data for children younger than 5 years. We generated an overall assessment of completeness of registration of deaths by dividing registered deaths in each location-year by our estimate of all-age deaths generated from our overall estimation process. For 163 locations, including subnational units in countries with a population greater than 200 million with complete vital registration (VR) systems, our estimates were largely driven by the observed data, with corrections for small fluctuations in numbers and estimation for recent years where there were lags in data reporting (lags were variable by location, generally between 1 year and 6 years). For other locations, we took advantage of different data sources available to measure under-5 mortality rates (U5MR) using complete birth histories, summary birth histories, and incomplete VR with adjustments; we measured adult mortality rate (the probability of death in individuals aged 15-60 years) using adjusted incomplete VR, sibling histories, and household death recall. We used the U5MR and adult mortality rate, together with crude death rate due to HIV in the GBD model life table system, to estimate age-specific and sex-specific death rates for each location-year. Using various international databases, we identified fatal discontinuities, which we defined as increases in the death rate of more than one death per million, resulting from conflict and terrorism, natural disasters, major transport or technological accidents, and a subset of epidemic infectious diseases; these were added to estimates in the relevant years. In 47 countries with an identified peak adult prevalence for HIV/AIDS of more than 0·5% and where VR systems were less than 65% complete, we informed our estimates of age-sex-specific mortality using the Estimation and Projection Package (EPP)-Spectrum model fitted to national HIV/AIDS prevalence surveys and antenatal clinic serosurveillance systems. We estimated stillbirths, early neonatal, late neonatal, and childhood mortality using both survey and VR data in spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression models. We estimated abridged life tables for all location-years using age-specific death rates. We grouped locations into development quintiles based on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and analysed mortality trends by quintile. Using spline regression, we estimated the expected mortality rate for each age-sex group as a function of SDI. We identified countries with higher life expectancy than expected by comparing observed life expectancy to anticipated life expectancy on the basis of development status alone. FINDINGS: Completeness in the registration of deaths increased from 28% in 1970 to a peak of 45% in 2013; completeness was lower after 2013 because of lags in reporting. Total deaths in children younger than 5 years decreased from 1970 to 2016, and slower decreases occurred at ages 5-24 years. By contrast, numbers of adult deaths increased in each 5-year age bracket above the age of 25 years. The distribution of annualised rates of change in age-specific mortality rate differed over the period 2000 to 2016 compared with earlier decades: increasing annualised rates of change were less frequent, although rising annualised rates of change still occurred in some locations, particularly for adolescent and younger adult age groups. Rates of stillbirths and under-5 mortality both decreased globally from 1970. Evidence for global convergence of death rates was mixed; although the absolute difference between age-standardised death rates narrowed between countries at the lowest and highest levels of SDI, the ratio of these death rates-a measure of relative inequality-increased slightly. There was a strong shift between 1970 and 2016 toward higher life expectancy, most noticeably at higher levels of SDI. Among countries with populations greater than 1 million in 2016, life expectancy at birth was highest for women in Japan, at 86·9 years (95% UI 86·7-87·2), and for men in Singapore, at 81·3 years (78·8-83·7) in 2016. Male life expectancy was generally lower than female life expectancy between 1970 and 2016, an

Phylogenetic relationship and domain organisation of SET domain proteins of Archaeplastida

Abstract Background SET is a conserved protein domain with methyltransferase activity. Several genome and transcriptome data in plant lineage (Archaeplastida) are available but status of SET domain proteins in most of the plant lineage is not comprehensively analysed. Results In this study phylogeny and domain organisation of 506 computationally identified SET domain proteins from 16 members of plant lineage (Archaeplastida) are presented. SET domain proteins of rice and Arabidopsis are used as references. This analysis revealed conserved as well as unique features of SET domain proteins in Archaeplastida. SET domain proteins of plant lineage can be categorised into five classes- E(z), Ash, Trx, Su(var) and Orphan. Orphan class of SET proteins contain unique domains predominantly in early Archaeplastida. Contrary to previous study, this study shows first appearance of several domains like SRA on SET domain proteins in chlorophyta instead of bryophyta. Conclusion The present study is a framework to experimentally characterize SET domain proteins in plant lineage

A New Assay for Promoter Analysis in Chlamydomonas Reveals Roles for Heat Shock Elements and the TATA Box in HSP70A Promoter-Mediated Activation of Transgene Expression▿ †

The aim of this work was to identify cis-regulatory sequences within the Chlamydomonas HSP70A promoter that mediate its stimulatory effect on the expression of downstream promoters. For this, we deleted/mutated the HSP70A promoter and, using a new assay, quantified its stimulatory effect. Our results indicate that the effect is mediated largely by heat shock elements and the TATA box

Additional file 6: Figure S4. of Phylogenetic relationship and domain organisation of SET domain proteins of Archaeplastida

Introduction of the domains in the Su(var) SET protein in plant lineages. The black arrow indicates the introduction of the indicated domain in the specifically mentioned Archaeplastida species. (PDF 85 kb

Additional file 2: Table S2. of Phylogenetic relationship and domain organisation of SET domain proteins of Archaeplastida

List of the SET domain containing proteins from species considered in the present study with their corresponding sequence id. (PDF 65 kb

Les merveilles de la nuit de Noël : récits fantastiques du Foyer breton / par Émile Souvestre ; illustrés par Tony Johannot, O. Penguilly, A. Leleux...[et al.]

Contient une table des matièresAvec mode text

Additional file 5: Figure S3. of Phylogenetic relationship and domain organisation of SET domain proteins of Archaeplastida

Introduction of the domains in the Trx SET protein in plant lineages. The black arrow indicates the introduction of the indicated domain in the specifically mentioned Archaeplastida species. (PDF 221 kb

Vaccine Significantly Reduces the Severity of Covid 19 Infection: Evidence from a Community Based Study

Background: Coronavirus disease is an infectious disease caused by newly discovered coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), which spread rapidly throughout the world. Vaccines will provide a lasting solution by enhancing immunity and containing disease spread. This study was conducted to find out vaccination status among Covid-19 positive patients and correlate severity of infections with vaccination status. Methodology: This cross sectional study was carried out among 1218 Covid-19 positive patients that were positive after the launch of Covid-19 vaccine, selected by purposive sampling method. Data was collected using pretested semi structured proforma. Results: Covid-19 vaccination coverage was very low (10.03%) in Covid-19 positive patients, for single dose it was 8.38% and for two doses it was 1.65%. Asymptomatic and mild cases were more in vaccinated compared to unvaccinated, it was statistically significant. Though hospitalization in vaccinated was less it was not significant. There was no death among vaccinated cases. Conclusion: Vaccination coverage were very low, this needs to improve. Vaccine was significantly reduces the severity of infection. It is recommended to vaccinate all eligible population as early as possible which will help in reducing severe and hospitalized cases and ultimately reducing the impact of Covid-19 pandemic.

PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF RHODAMIN-B USING METAL COMPLEXES AND HYDROGEN PEROXIDE

The photocatalytic degradation has been considered to be an efficient process for degradation of organic pollutants, which are present in the effluents released by industries. The photocatalytic bleaching was carried out on rhodamin-B (cationic dye) in the presence of iron (III) complex, hydrogen peroxide and was observed spectrophotometrically. The effect of various operating variables like pH, concentration of complex and dye, amount of H2O2 and light intensity etc. was also observed on the efficiency of the reaction. A tentative mechanism has also been proposed for this photocatalytic degradation of rhodamin-B.   Keywords: Photocatalytic degradation, rhodamin-B, metal complexes, hydrogen peroxid