Analisis Perbedaan Penampang Seismik Antara Hasil Pengolahan Standar Dengan Pengolahan Preserved Amplitude

Landslide is one of the most types of slope movements of soil\rock often occur in Indonesia and resulting in damages such as in agriculture land, highways, structures and even casualties. From the researches landslides often take place on the rainy season,as well as when the rain is falling or after the rain stopped. This research will be done in two phases. First phase is a numerical modeling to simulate and predict slope hidrological behavior in respon to rainfall. The rainfalls applied for modeling are high and low intensity that are 70 mm/hour and 20 mm/day respectively some hours until days. The rainfall modeling results is used as the data for next phase that is slope stability analysis. Slope stability will be analiyzed at the initial condition, when raining and after the rain stopped. This research results the decreased of slope stability caused by the rain depends on the intensity and duration of the rain. The research obtains that the rain intensity of 70 mm/hour is the most potential cause to trigg the landslide than goes of 20 mm/day, 30 mm/hour and 50 mm/hou

ANALISIS PERBEDAAN PENAMPANG SEISMIK ANTARA HASIL PENGOLAHAN STANDAR DENGAN PENGOLAHAN PRESERVED AMPLITUDE

Landslide is one of the most types of slope movements of soil\rock often occur in Indonesia and resulting in damages such as in agriculture land, highways, structures and even casualties. From the researches landslides often take place on the rainy season,as well as when the rain is falling or after the rain stopped. This research will be done in two phases. First phase is a numerical modeling to simulate and predict slope hidrological behavior in respon to rainfall. The rainfalls applied for modeling are high and low intensity that are 70 mm/hour and 20 mm/day respectively some hours until days. The rainfall modeling results is used as the data for next phase that is slope stability analysis. Slope stability will be analiyzed at the initial condition, when raining and after the rain stopped. This research results the decreased of slope stability caused by the rain depends on the intensity and duration of the rain. The research obtains that the rain intensity of 70 mm/hour is the most potential cause to trigg the landslide than goes of 20 mm/day, 30 mm/hour and 50 mm/hou

INTERPRETASI LAPISAN BATUAN BAWAH PERMUKAAN BERDASARKAN ANALISIS DATA GEOLISTRIK

The research aim is to procure lithology and depth rock that has water potentially contaned by using receptivity geolelectric of Shlumberger configuration. The project was conducted at the District of Beka which focused on 6 sample geoelectric points. Each point is restricted in the length area of 400 m. The geoelectric data processing was checked by available curve technique with helping inversion program. The processing based on responding of rock resistivity. Resistivity value of sand is between 3.5 and 11.5 Ohm-meter. Meaning that water potentially is available in the depth of around 40 m under land surfac

Investigasi Bidang Gelincir Pada Daerah Rawan Longsor Di Ruas Jalan Tawaeli-Toboli Menggunakan Metode Geolistrik Tahanan Jenis

Telah dilakukan penelitian investigasi bidang gelincir pada daerah rawan longsor dengan metode geolistrik tahanan jenis 2D di jalan Tawaeli – Toboli dengan menggunakan konfigurasi Wenner dengan panjang lintasan 96 m dan spasi antar elektroda 6 m yang dianalisis dengan software Res2Dinv.  Selanjutnya dapat ditentukan struktur dan litologi bawah permukaan sehingga dapat memberikan informasi mengenai bidang gelincir. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penyusun tanah di daerah penelitian adalah kerikil, batu pasir, dan genes. Nilai hambatan jenis setiap lapisan batuan yaitu kerikil berkisar antara 10 Ωm – 84 Ωm, lapisan batu pasir berkisar antara 84 Ωm – 158 Ωm, dan lapisan genes berkisar antara 232 Ωm – 528 Ωm. Pada wilayah penelitian terdapat lapisan genes yang diduga merupakan bidang gelincir. Bentuk bidang gelincir yang diperoleh pada wilayah penelitian yaitu jenis gelincir rotasi dengan arah longsoran mengarah ke arah jalan raya dengan kedalaman 7 m – 35 m untuk semua lintasan. Investigation of the slip surface has been carried out in landslide-prone areas using the 2D resistivity geoelectric method on the Tawaeli-Toboli road using the Wenner configuration with 96 meters of track length, and 6 m of electrode spacing analyzed with Res2DinV software. Furthermore, the subsurface structure and lithology can be determined to provide information about the slip plane. This study's results indicate that the soil compilers in the study area are gravel, sandstone, and genes. The value of electrical resistivity of each rock layer, namely gravel ranges from 10 Ωm - 84 Ωm, sandstone layer covers from 84 Ωm - 158 Ωm, and the genes layer ranges from 232 Ωm - 528 Ωm. In the research area, there are layers of genes that are thought to be the slip plane. The shape of the sliding plane obtained in the study area is the rotating slip with landslide direction leading to the highway with a depth of 7 meter - 35 meter for all trajectories

Effects of antibiotic resistance, drug target attainment, bacterial pathogenicity and virulence, and antibiotic access and affordability on outcomes in neonatal sepsis: an international microbiology and drug evaluation prospective substudy (BARNARDS)

Background Sepsis is a major contributor to neonatal mortality, particularly in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). WHO advocates ampicillin–gentamicin as first-line therapy for the management of neonatal sepsis. In the BARNARDS observational cohort study of neonatal sepsis and antimicrobial resistance in LMICs, common sepsis pathogens were characterised via whole genome sequencing (WGS) and antimicrobial resistance profiles. In this substudy of BARNARDS, we aimed to assess the use and efficacy of empirical antibiotic therapies commonly used in LMICs for neonatal sepsis. Methods In BARNARDS, consenting mother–neonates aged 0–60 days dyads were enrolled on delivery or neonatal presentation with suspected sepsis at 12 BARNARDS clinical sites in Bangladesh, Ethiopia, India, Pakistan, Nigeria, Rwanda, and South Africa. Stillborn babies were excluded from the study. Blood samples were collected from neonates presenting with clinical signs of sepsis, and WGS and minimum inhibitory concentrations for antibiotic treatment were determined for bacterial isolates from culture-confirmed sepsis. Neonatal outcome data were collected following enrolment until 60 days of life. Antibiotic usage and neonatal outcome data were assessed. Survival analyses were adjusted to take into account potential clinical confounding variables related to the birth and pathogen. Additionally, resistance profiles, pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic probability of target attainment, and frequency of resistance (ie, resistance defined by in-vitro growth of isolates when challenged by antibiotics) were assessed. Questionnaires on health structures and antibiotic costs evaluated accessibility and affordability. Findings Between Nov 12, 2015, and Feb 1, 2018, 36 285 neonates were enrolled into the main BARNARDS study, of whom 9874 had clinically diagnosed sepsis and 5749 had available antibiotic data. The four most commonly prescribed antibiotic combinations given to 4451 neonates (77·42%) of 5749 were ampicillin–gentamicin, ceftazidime–amikacin, piperacillin–tazobactam–amikacin, and amoxicillin clavulanate–amikacin. This dataset assessed 476 prescriptions for 442 neonates treated with one of these antibiotic combinations with WGS data (all BARNARDS countries were represented in this subset except India). Multiple pathogens were isolated, totalling 457 isolates. Reported mortality was lower for neonates treated with ceftazidime–amikacin than for neonates treated with ampicillin–gentamicin (hazard ratio [adjusted for clinical variables considered potential confounders to outcomes] 0·32, 95% CI 0·14–0·72; p=0·0060). Of 390 Gram-negative isolates, 379 (97·2%) were resistant to ampicillin and 274 (70·3%) were resistant to gentamicin. Susceptibility of Gram-negative isolates to at least one antibiotic in a treatment combination was noted in 111 (28·5%) to ampicillin–gentamicin; 286 (73·3%) to amoxicillin clavulanate–amikacin; 301 (77·2%) to ceftazidime–amikacin; and 312 (80·0%) to piperacillin–tazobactam–amikacin. A probability of target attainment of 80% or more was noted in 26 neonates (33·7% [SD 0·59]) of 78 with ampicillin–gentamicin; 15 (68·0% [3·84]) of 27 with amoxicillin clavulanate–amikacin; 93 (92·7% [0·24]) of 109 with ceftazidime–amikacin; and 70 (85·3% [0·47]) of 76 with piperacillin–tazobactam–amikacin. However, antibiotic and country effects could not be distinguished. Frequency of resistance was recorded most frequently with fosfomycin (in 78 isolates [68·4%] of 114), followed by colistin (55 isolates [57·3%] of 96), and gentamicin (62 isolates [53·0%] of 117). Sites in six of the seven countries (excluding South Africa) stated that the cost of antibiotics would influence treatment of neonatal sepsis

Studi Geolistrik dan Geologi Pada Daerah Rawan Gerakan Tanah

Telah di lakukan penelitian di Cilebak Kuningan Jawa Barat guna mencari faktor – faktor penyebab terjadinya gerakan tanah untuk diidentifikasi dan diprediksi terhadap kestabilan lereng di daerah tersebut. Pada penelitian ini diterapkan metode geolistrik tahanan jenis dengan konfigurasi elektroda Wenner – Schlumberger untuk mengetahui ketebalan lapisan pelapukan  dan kedalaman bidang gelincir. Pengolahan data geolistrik dilakukan dengan bantuan Program Res2Dinv  untuk mencitrakan kondisi di bawah permukaan. Hasilnya ditafsirkan berdasarkan nilai tahanan jenis batuan. Dari penampang tahanan jenis untuk lintasan pengukuran dengan arah C – D dan E – F terdapat lapisan batuan dengan nilai tahanan jenis sekitar 3.1 Wm – 4.5 Wm dan 3.7 Wm – 6.7 Wm dengan kedalaman mencapai 10 – 20 meter. Lapisan ini  diduga sebagai batulempung kedap air yang dapat berperan sebagai bidang gelincir. Lapisan batuan yang  diduga sebagai lapisan lapuk ketebalannya mencapai sekitar 6 – 10 meter. Dari evaluasi terhadap beberapa aspek yang berkaitan dengan penyebab terjadinya  gerakan tanah seperti aspek hidrologi, geologi, topografi, tataguna lahan dan aspek geofisika, diperkirakan sebagai penyebab terjadinya gerakan tanah di Cilebak, antara lain curah hujan yang tinggi, kemiringan lereng perbukitan yang terjal, letak  bidang gelincir  yang dalam dan pengaruh tataguna lahan daera