554 research outputs found
Low-cost chamber design for simultaneous CO<sub>2</sub> and O<sub>2</sub> flux measurements between tree stems and the atmosphere
Bayesian calibration of a soil organic carbon model using Δ<sup>14</sup>C measurements of soil organic carbon and heterotrophic respiration as joint constraints
Soils of temperate forests store significant amounts of organic matter and
are considered to be net sinks of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub>. Soil organic carbon
(SOC) turnover has been studied using the Δ<sup>14</sup>C values of bulk SOC
or different SOC fractions as observational constraints in SOC models.
Further, the Δ<sup>14</sup>C values of CO<sub>2</sub> that evolved during the
incubation of soil and roots have been widely used together with
Δ<sup>14</sup>C of total soil respiration to partition soil respiration into
heterotrophic respiration (HR) and rhizosphere respiration. However, these
data have not been used as joint observational constraints to determine SOC
turnover times. Thus, we focus on (1) how different combinations of
observational constraints help to narrow estimates of turnover times and
other parameters of a simple two-pool model, the Introductory Carbon Balance
Model (ICBM); (2) whether relaxing the steady-state assumption in a multiple
constraints approach allows the source/sink strength of the soil to be
determined while estimating turnover times at the same time. To this end ICBM
was adapted to model SOC and SO<sup>14</sup>C in parallel with
litterfall and the Δ<sup>14</sup>C of litterfall as driving variables. The
Δ<sup>14</sup>C of the atmosphere with its prominent bomb peak was used as a
proxy for the Δ<sup>14</sup>C of litterfall. Data from three spruce-dominated
temperate forests in Germany and the USA (Coulissenhieb II, Solling D0 and
Howland Tower site) were used to estimate the parameters of ICBM via Bayesian
calibration. Key findings are as follows: (1) the joint use of all four
observational constraints (SOC stock and its Δ<sup>14</sup>C, HR flux and its
Δ<sup>14</sup>C) helped to considerably narrow turnover times of the young
pool (primarily by Δ<sup>14</sup>C of HR) and the old pool (primarily by
Δ<sup>14</sup>C of SOC). Furthermore, the joint use of all observational
constraints made it possible to constrain the humification factor in ICBM,
which describes the fraction of the annual outflux from the young pool that
enters the old pool. The Bayesian parameter estimation yielded the following
turnover times (mean ± standard deviation) for SOC in the young pool:
Coulissenhieb II 1.1 ± 0.5 years, Solling D0 5.7 ± 0.8 years and
Howland Tower 0.8 ± 0.4 years. Turnover times for the old pool were
377 ± 61 years (Coulissenhieb II), 313 ± 66 years (Solling D0)
and 184 ± 42 years (Howland Tower), respectively. (2) At all three
sites the multiple constraints approach was not able to determine if the soil
has been losing or storing carbon. Nevertheless, the relaxed steady-state
assumption hardly introduced any additional uncertainty for the other
parameter estimates. Overall the results suggest that using Δ<sup>14</sup>C
data from more than one carbon pool or flux helps to better constrain SOC
models
Analysis of a global Moreton wave observed on October 28, 2003
We study the well pronounced Moreton wave that occurred in as- sociation with
the X17.2 are/CME event of October 28, 2003. This Moreton wave is striking for
its global propagation and two separate wave centers, which implies that two
waves were launched simultane- ously. The mean velocity of the Moreton wave,
tracked within different sectors of propagation direction, lies in the range of
v ~ 900-1100 km/s with two sectors showing wave deceleration. The perturbation
profile analysis of the wave indicates amplitude growth followed by amplitude
weakening and broadening of the perturbation profile, which is con- sistent
with a disturbance first driven and then evolving into a freely propagating
wave. The EIT wavefront is found to lie on the same kinematical curve as the
Moreton wavefronts indicating that both are different signatures of the same
physical process. Bipolar coronal dim- mings are observed on the same opposite
East-West edges of the active region as the Moreton wave ignition centers. The
radio type II source, which is co-spatially located with the first wave front,
indicates that the wave was launched from an extended source region (& 60 Mm).
These findings suggest that the Moreton wave is initiated by the CME expanding
flanks.Comment: accepted to Ap
Coronal Shock Waves, EUV waves, and their Relation to CMEs. II. Modeling MHD Shock Wave Propagation Along the Solar Surface, Using Nonlinear Geometrical Acoustics
We model the propagation of a coronal shock wave, using nonlinear geometrical
acoustics. The method is based on the Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin (WKB) approach
and takes into account the main properties of nonlinear waves: i) dependence of
the wave front velocity on the wave amplitude, ii) nonlinear dissipation of the
wave energy, and iii) progressive increase in the duration of solitary shock
waves. We address the method in detail and present results of the modeling of
the propagation of shock-associated extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) waves as well as
Moreton waves along the solar surface in the simplest solar corona model. The
calculations reveal deceleration and lengthening of the waves. In contrast,
waves considered in the linear approximation keep their length unchanged and
slightly accelerate.Comment: 15 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in Solar Physic
Venezuela e ALBA: regionalismo contra-hegemônico e ensino superior para todos
Partindo de um quadro teórico neo-gramsciano crítico à globalização, este artigo aplica a nova teoria do regionalismo (NTR) e a teoria do regionalismo regulatório (TRR) à sua análise e teorização dos tratados de comércio da Aliança Bolivariana para os Povos da Nossa América (ALBA-TCP) como regionalismo contra-hegemônico na América Latina e Caribe (ALC). A ALBA está centrada na ideia de um Socialismo do Século XXI, que, como (inicialmente) também a Revolução Bolivariana da Venezuela, substitui a 'vantagem competitiva' pela 'vantagem cooperativa'. Em seu caráter de conjunto de processos multidimensionais e transnacionais a ALBA-TCP opera dentro de/transversalmente a um número de setores e escalas, ao mesmo passo que as transformações estruturais são movidas pela interação de agentes do Estado e agentes não estatais. A política de Educação Superior para Todos (ESPT) do governo venezuelano rejeita a agenda neoliberal globalizada de mercadorização, privatização e elitismo e reinvindica educação pública gratuita em todos os níveis como um direito humano fundamental. A ESPT está sendo regionalizado em um espaço educacional emergente da ALBA e assume um papel-chave nos processos de democracia direta e participatória, dos quais a construção popular (bottom-up) da contra-hegemonia e a redefinição política e econômica da ALC dependem. Antes de produzir sujeitos empreendedores conformes ao capitalismo global, a ESPT procura formar subjetividades ao longo de valores morais de solidariedade e cooperação. Isso será ilustrado com referência a um estudo etnográfico de caso da Universidade Bolivariana da Venezuela (UBV).This paper employs new regionalism theory and regulatory regionalism theory in its analysis and theorisation of the Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America (ALBA) as a counter-hegemonic Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) regionalism. As (initially) the regionalisation of Venezuela's Bolivarian Revolution, ALBA is centred around the idea of a 21st Century Socialism that replaces the 'competitive advantage' with the 'cooperative advantage'. ALBA, as a set of multi-dimensional inter- and transnational processes, operates within and across a range of sectors and scales whilst the structural transformations are driven by the interplay of state and non-state actors. The Venezuelan government's Higher Education For All (HEFA) policy, which is being regionalised within an emergent ALBA education space, assumes a key role in the direct democratic and participatory democratic processes upon which a bottom-up construction of counter-hegemony depends. HEFA challenges the globalised neoliberal higher education agenda of commoditisation, privatisation and elitism. Rather than producing enterprising subjects fashioned for global capitalism, HEFA seeks to form subjectivities along the moral values of solidarity and cooperation
Health services research doctoral core competencies
This manuscript presents an initial description of doctoral level core competencies for health services research (HSR). The competencies were developed by a review of the literature, text analysis of institutional accreditation self-studies submitted to the Council on Education for Public Health, and a consensus conference of HSR educators from US educational institutions. The competencies are described in broad terms which reflect the unique expertise, interests, and preferred learning methods of academic HSR programs. This initial set of core competencies is published to generate further dialogue within and outside of the US about the most important learning objectives and methods for HSR training and to clarify the unique skills of HSR training program graduates
On the Nature and Genesis of EUV Waves: A Synthesis of Observations from SOHO, STEREO, SDO, and Hinode
A major, albeit serendipitous, discovery of the SOlar and Heliospheric
Observatory mission was the observation by the Extreme Ultraviolet Telescope
(EIT) of large-scale Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) intensity fronts propagating
over a significant fraction of the Sun's surface. These so-called EIT or EUV
waves are associated with eruptive phenomena and have been studied intensely.
However, their wave nature has been challenged by non-wave (or pseudo-wave)
interpretations and the subject remains under debate. A string of recent solar
missions has provided a wealth of detailed EUV observations of these waves
bringing us closer to resolving their nature. With this review, we gather the
current state-of-art knowledge in the field and synthesize it into a picture of
an EUV wave driven by the lateral expansion of the CME. This picture can
account for both wave and pseudo-wave interpretations of the observations, thus
resolving the controversy over the nature of EUV waves to a large degree but
not completely. We close with a discussion of several remaining open questions
in the field of EUV waves research.Comment: Solar Physics, Special Issue "The Sun in 360",2012, accepted for
publicatio
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