Access to Finance for African SMEs: Do Women Entrepreneurs face Discrimination.

This study examines the gender disparity in Africa‟s small and medium business (SME) credit market. It shows how capital market imperfections can lead to second best solutions, so this research is significant for emerging economies. The gender gap between men and women is still there in Africa, and unless particular efforts are made to address the underlying issues today, it will continue to increase. The fact that black women make up the majority of the self-employed population isn't reflected in present industry targets for company activity, which is a problem. Women-owned businesses in Africa face unique problems, and this study evaluates whether financial service providers in the country are adequately aware of these issues

Socio-Economic Determinants of Employment: A Case study of Pakistan

This research is the foremost determination to investigate the long and short run affiliation amongst the variables of employment. For this purpose we use ARDL bound tests. The data from the period of 1972 to 2016 has been used in this research. These results indicate that employment has statistically significant and positive relationship between the variables of employment. Orders of integration of variables used in this analysis are I (O) and I (1). The results of this study show that per capita of GDP and expenditures of government have significant positive relationship with the employment in both time periods, the short and long run. Thenoteworthyempirical relationship is found in long run between GFCF, while in short period of time it shows destructive relation with employment. While FDI shows a high level of significant and positive relation both in long run and short run. Secondary school enrolment has significant and positive relation with employment in both time periods the long and short run time period. The relationship of money supply with employment in long run is positive while in short run it shows significant but negative relation with employment. Trade and political stability both are the main factors to estimate the strength of an economy. According to this study trade and political stability shows significant and positive relation with employment in long run while in short run both shows negative relationship with employment

Impact of Human and Social Capital on Economic Development in Pakistan: Empirical Evidence From Primary Data Analysis

This study examines the impact of human and social capital on economic development in Pakistan by employing empirical evidence from primary data analysis. The survey was conducted in Multan District based on the household concerning questionnaire. The results conclude that age, on job training, area of residence, public health units, and work experience have positive and significant impact on economic development, while norms of the society and gender have negative impact on economic development.  In other words, it is empirically evident from the analysis that human and social capital has strong impact on economic development.  Therefore, there is an ardent need to bring the sustainable changes in human and social capital for inclusive growth and economic development in Pakistan

Green finance and foreign direct investment–environmental sustainability nexuses in emerging countries: new insights from the environmental Kuznets curve

The primary objective of the present study is to identify the asymmetric relationship between green finance, trade openness, and foreign direct investment with environmental sustainability. The existing research utilizes the asymmetric approach to evaluate annual data from 1980 to 2021. The findings of this study show heterogeneous results. Therefore, the outcomes of the study confirm the nonlinear (NARDL) association between the variables in Pakistan. Moreover, the study describes the positive shock of foreign direct investment (FDI) as a significant and positive relationship with environmental degradation, while the negative shock of FDI shows a negative and significant relationship with the environment. Furthermore, the study scrutinizes the positive shock of green finance as a significant and negative relationship with environmental degradation; the negative shocks also show a negative relationship with environmental degradation in Pakistan. In addition, the consequences of the study suggest that the government should implement taxes on foreign investment and that investors should use renewable energy to produce goods. Furthermore, the results suggest that the government should utilize fiscal policy and fiscal funds to enhance carbon-free projects. Moreover, green securities should be used for green technologies. However, Pakistan can control its carbon emissions and achieve the target of a sustainable environment. Therefore, Pakistan’s government should stabilize its financial markets and introduce carbon-free projects. Furthermore, the main quantitative achievement according to the outcomes suggests that policymakers make policies in which they suggest to the government to control foreign investment that causes carbon emissions because of trade openness and also invest the funds in renewable energy, which helps to control the carbon emissions

Role of Political Instability in Attracting FDI Inflow to Pakistan

Purpose:  The reason of this study is to recognize the impact of key determinants of overseas direct asset in case of Pakistan, based on annual information covering the period of 1981-2018. Design/Methodology/Approach: After checking for still of the sequence, the technique of ARDL is used for estimation of long run parameters estimates and error alteration instrument for short run dynamics. Findings: The results of the study indicate that politically stable environment and long term policies are necessary to attract foreign investors. furthermore, investment profile of any government also matter for direct asset in the country as the study conclusions reveal that marketplace size as well as domestic investment are positively related to foreign direct investment while taxes have negative association with overseas straight investment in the case of Pakistan. Implications/Originality/Value: The most important factor for FDI inflow to Pakistan is interest rate or ease of doing business which has negative sign means inverse relation exists between the two variables

Revealed Comparative Advantage and Pakistan’s Global Vegetable Potential in the Presence of Selected Exporters: New Evidence from Markov’s Stability Matrices and Kaplan-Meier’s Survival Function

The main objective of this research study is to evaluate Pakistan’s global agri-food product potential in the presence of the giant vegetable exporters of the world at HS-6 digit level of selected agri-food products during 1996-2020. Secondly, this study explores the stability and survival value of BRCA indices by employing Markov’s transition probability matrices and Kaplan-Meier (K-M) survival function. Our findings reveal that Netherland, Spain, Mexico, and Belgium are the giant exporters of the selected agri-food products in the estimated-period, together giving 55% of all product exported. Normally, the results of mobility test and stability indices conclude that most of our selected countries (USA, China, Italy, Germany, Poland, Denmark, Canada and Turkey) have demonstrated, on average, a slow declining-trend in comparative advantage due to stiff competition in the global market while few exporters (Netherland, Spain, Mexico, France and Belgium) show a comparatively stable indices during the examined period. Therefore, these indices indicate a sharp decline in case of Pakistan, Russian Federation and Thailand. Furthermore, the agri-food products (070200) and (080590) comprise 25% and 20% of the selected commodities respectively. Finally, Pakistan being an agrarian economy and having BRCA index >1, should explore untapped global agri-food market by removing economic barriers, and improving agricultural production capabilities to enhance foreign exchange reserves

Domestic Private Investment, and Export on Output Growth of Large-Scale Manufacturing Sector in Pakistan: An Application of Bound Tests to Cointegration Approach

The goal of this analysis is to explore the impact of domestic private investment in large-scale manufacturing sector on the output growth of the large-scale manufacturing in Pakistan. The investigation utilized yearly data for the year 1973-2020. By applying the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) technique, the study examines both short-term and long-run effects of domestic private investment (DPI) on output growth in large-scale manufacturing.However,  the study affirms a positive and significant relationship among domestic private investment, exports and value-added, large-scale manufacturing (VAL) in both short-and long-run, while market size and inflation also have a negatively and significantly influence on the value-added, large-scale manufacturing sector. It is also confirmed that domestic private investment, export, inflation have a bidirectional causal relationships with large-scale manufacturing, value-added. Moreover, findings also implies that unidirectional causality is running between employment (EMP),  market size (MS), and large-scale manufacturing growth output growth (VAL). Hence, numerous incentives with tax cuts or subsidizations must be sponsored by the supervision of government in a direction to foster private investment. Provided that political stability, better infrastructure, and management in industrial manufacturing zones empowers to attract transnational exports by improving law and order conditions in Pakistan. Keywords: Domestic private investment, value-added, large scale manufacturing, export, Pakistan

Revisiting the environmental Kuznets curve: assessing the impact of climate policy uncertainty in the Belt and Road Initiative

Climate change repercussions such as temperature shifts and more severe weather occurrences are felt globally. It contributes to larger-scale challenges, such as climate change and biodiversity loss in food production. As a result, the purpose of this research is to develop strategies to grow the economy without harming the environment. Therefore, we revisit the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis, considering the impact of climate policy uncertainty along with other control variables. We investigated yearly panel data from 47 Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) nations from 1998 to 2021. Pooled regression, fixed effect, and the generalized method of moment (GMM) findings all confirmed the presence of inverted U-shaped EKC in BRI counties. Findings from this paper provide policymakers with actionable ideas, outlining a framework for bringing trade and climate agendas into harmony in BRI countries. The best way to promote economic growth and reduce carbon dioxide emissions is to push for trade and climate policies to be coordinated. Moreover, improving institutional quality is essential for strong environmental governance, as it facilitates the adoption of environmentally friendly industrialization techniques and the efficient administration of climate policy uncertainties

Corporate social responsibility: A key driver of sustainable development in China's post-COVID economy.

The first goal of this research was to measure the impact of corporate social responsibility (CSR) on the sustainable development of an organization. However, the second objective examines the moderating influence of government policies, cultural norms, and stakeholder expectations on the relationship between CSR and an organization's sustainable development. This research primarily focused on the enterprises operating in the energy industry in Beijing. A sample of 498 individuals holding management positions within these enterprises was collected. The study's results established that CSR significantly influences the sustainable development of firms. Moreover, the results revealed that governmental regulations, cultural norms, and stakeholder expectations play a significant and positive role in moderating the impact of corporate social responsibility on the sustainable development of companies. The results of this study make a valuable contribution to the existing body of literature on CSR and its impact on the sustainable performance of enterprises in China

Kao (Engle-Granger-based) test.

Pollution in the environment is today the biggest issue facing the globe and the main factor in the development of many fatal diseases. The main objective of the study to investigate green investments, economic growth and financial development on environmental pollution in the G-7 countries. This study used annual penal data from 1997 to 2021. The panel NARDL (Non-linear autoregressive distributed lag) results affirm that the positive change of green investment and negative shock in green investment have a significant and positive association with environment pollution in G-7 nations. Our findings provide more evidence for the long-term asymmetry between financial development and environmental performance. However, the findings confirm that a positive modification in financial development has a positive and significant effect on environment pollution. Whereas negative shock in financial development is negative and insignificant relationship with environment pollution. Moreover, the outcomes of the study reveal that both positive shock in gross domestic product growth and negative shock of economic growth have a significant and positive link with environment pollution in G-7 countries. According to the findings, by lowering carbon dioxide emissions, green investments reduced environmental pollution in the G-7 nations over the long and short term. Moreover, it is an innovative research effort that provides light on the connection between green investments, financial development, and the environment while making mention to the EKC in G-7 countries. After all these, our recommendation is to increases green investment expenditures to reduce environmental pollution in the G-7 nations based on our findings. Additionally, one important way for the nation to achieve its sustainable development goals is to improve advancements in the financial sector.</div