Extensively Drug-Resistant Salmonella typhi XDR Infection at Rawalpindi Medical University and Allied Hospitals

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of extensively drug-resistant Salmonella typhi (XDR) in RMU Allied Hospitals. Study Design: A descriptive cross-sectional study. Material and Methods: It is a cross-sectional, prospective study conducted at RMU Allied Hospitals from January 2019–December 2019. Blood culture samples were received in the pathology lab, they were collected by simple random sampling and processed by conventional incubation. Antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates was done on Muller Hinton agar using modified Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method and antibiotic zone diameters were measured according to CLSI guidelines. Results: Out of the total 8045 cultures, 911 (11%) showed growth, among which 179 (20%) were Salmonella typhi and 135 (15%) XDR Salmonella. Meropenem revealed the highest sensitivity, Chloramphenicol, and Augmentin revealed the highest resistance. Conclusion: Blood culture results revealed Salmonella typhi 20% with a significant number of XDR Salmonella 15%. Antibiotics susceptibility pattern exhibits Meropenem and Azithromycin as the only antibiotics for XDR Salmonella. Salmonella typhi infection has a significantly high prevalence among children as compared to adults. (p=0.0017) Injudicious use of antibiotics is one of the important aspects of the occurrence of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella

Understanding Labor Problems and the Social Consequences of Child Labor in Pakistan

Pakistan during the past nearly five decades has experienced various economic hardships and the consequent social complexities. The rapidly and constantly rising population of Pakistan together with the low rate of literacy has given rise to unemployment. Despite introduction of labor policies, the conditions of labor are far from being termed as satisfactory. The impact of labor policies and their non-implementation in true sense has developed serious socio-economic issues in Pakistan. Child labor is one of those grave issues that need serious attention not only by the government but also by the people themselves. Low rate of literacy does play significant role in this issue. This paper discusses the concern of child labor, which in the present era has emerged as a serious human rights issue, with focus on the influence of labor policies of Pakistan on child labor. Keywords: labor, child labor, socio-economic conditions DOI: 10.7176/PPAR/9-3-15 Publication date:March 31st 201

Problems Faced By Physical Handicapped Students In Educational Institutions In District Kohat

The purpose of the study was to explore the problems faced by physical handicapped students in normal educational institutions and to find solutions to the problems faced by physical handicapped students. All the physical handicapped students studying in educational institutions in District Kohat constituted the population of the study. The study was delimited to the physical handicapped students studying in 20 general educational institutions at four levels; i.e., Elementary, Secondary, Higher Secondary and Higher Education.  Forty students, both male and female, were selected from 20 educational institutions using a random sampling technique. A questionnaire was constructed using the problems faced by physically handicapped students. The results of the investigation revealed that the physically handicapped children constitute 2-3 % of the population and the majority of them are lame. They face a lot of problems while studying in normal educational institutions

Factors affecting wool quality and quantity in sheep

There are varieties of factors which can affect wool (macro and micro elements of wool) in sheep directly or indirectly. Genetic and environmental factors are major factors influencing wool quality and quantity. There are some bacterial, viral, fungal and espically parasitic diseases which also affect the wool. Other factors are exogenous chemicals, hormones, weather and photo period. In the present study, existing knowledge on the factors affecting wool were reviewed but there are gaps to conduct research on fundamental aspects of wool growth, which could have relevance to other areas of biology.Keywords: Wool quality, staple length, ultra high-sulphur proteins, fleec

The Efficiency of Amalgamation and Cyanidation for the Extraction of Placer Gold Deposits of Indus River Basin along Gilgit to Thalachi (Gilgit-Baltistan)

Separation of gold from placers are not given importance in Pakistan, but in the economy of Gilgit-Baltistan,it plays a vital role. The study mainly focused on shaking table technique for the extraction of gold from placer depositsalong Gilgit river between Gilgit and Thalachi, near Gilgit and Astore river junction. For the separation of gold, fromthe concentration of shaking table the Hg; mercury amalgamation has been used for it. In the result of theamalgamation process recovered gold was 27.12%. The cyanidation process was used to separate from remains ofmercury amalgamation, tailing and middling of shaking table. The graphical results of gold extraction with bottle rollcyanidation and agitation method were compared. The results of gold separation using bottle roll cyanidation andagitation methods were about 87.5% and 29.8% respectively. It is clear from the results, the bottle roll cyanidation is abetter technique for the separation of fine gold from placers along with downstream waterway areas, where placerdeposits occur

Mathematical Modeling of Drug Release of Novel Extended-Release Formulations of Tizanidine Hydrochloride

Six extended-release formulations of tizanidine hydrochloride were prepared by direct compression technique using hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) and ethylcellulose (EC). The drug release from these tablets was evaluated by analyzing the samples at 227 nm. Both model dependent and independent mathematical approaches were applied to investigate the extended release pattern and mechanism of tizanidine hydrochloride. About 87.8, 74.4, 85.1, 74.8, 70.8, and 56.2 % drug was released from F1 to F6 , respectively, in 12 h. Drug release kinetics indicated that drug release was best explained by Higuchi equation. The values of ‘n’ from Korsmeyer-Peppas model (0.45 to 0.89) supported anomalous or nonFickian diffusion in first five formulations, whereas last formulation (F6 ) with ‘n’ greater than 0.89 presented case-II relaxation or super case transport-II. In model independent approach, the values of first five formulations lies between 50 and 100, because of insignificant differences in their drug release whereas F6 behaved differently. A retarding effect was observed with both of polymers depending upon their quantity. In F3 and F5 less retarding effect was observed than F2 and F5 because HPMC is hydrophilic and EC is hydrophobic polymer. When EC quantity increased, a decrease in release profile of tizanidine hydrochloride was observed.Colegio de Farmacéuticos de la Provincia de Buenos Aire

Relationship of Physical Properties of Limestone and Marble with Rock Strength Under Specific Geological Conditions from Khyber Region Hunza

The uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) is one of the input parameters mostly used in surface andunderground designs. A literature review revealed that most of the empirical equations between UCS and Schmidthammer rebound number (N) are not satisfactory because of the low coefficient of correlation. In most of the cases, asingle formula is used for all types of rocks. In this study, a relationship UCS with N, slake durability, moisture content,and specific gravity has been developed for a particular limestone and marble deposit. These equations help todetermine the strength of these deposits directly using N value and other properties. The UCS value increased withincreasing N value, specific gravity, and slake durability. While the UCS value decreased with increasing moisturecontent. A relation between slaking cycles and slake durability index is also developed. In this study, the slakedurability value decreased with increasing slaking cycles for both limestone and marble. The UCS showed a linearrelationship with these physical properties