Physical activity levels and suggestions for its promotion among university students

Introduction: Physical activity not only has positive effects on health, but is also linked to various aspects of life. Physical activity is considered one of the main components that contribute to a healthy lifestyle and general improvement in health including physical strength, muscle endurance and flexibility. A variety of evidences show that regular physical activity is beneficial to health and strong scientific research exists that reported decreased mortality rate with an optimal level of physical activity. This study was designed to evaluate the physical activity status of university students and their suggestions to promote physical activity. Material & Methods: From January to October 2019, a cross-sectional study was conducted among 2,916 university students, studying at different universities in Faisalabad. The aim was to measure the levels of physical activity according to the pre-defined inclusion/exclusion criteria. Participants were enrolled in the study using convenient sampling. The questionnaire used in this study consisted of three sections, with the first part recording the demographics of the participants, the second part an International Physical Activity Questionnaire and the third part containing several suggestions for promoting physical activity. Logistic regression analysis was used for factors influencing physical activity behaviour. Confidence interval (CI=95%) and odds ratio (OR) were calculated and P-value <0.05 was considered significant. Results: The findings of our study revealed that 2469 (84.6%) of the students out of 2916 were physically active. Of 2916, 1541 (52.8%) participants were moderately active, while 928 (31.8%) participants were highly active. Overall 92.20% male were physically active compared to females 81.70%. Moreover, our study found that the most preferred suggestion for the promotion of physical activity proposed by the students (n=1011, 34.7%) was a provision of physical and social environments that encourage and allow safe and pleasurable physical activity. The least preferred suggestion by the students (n=735, 25.2%) was the addition of at least thirty minutes of exercise as part of the curriculum. Conclusion: This study found that the physical activity profile of most students was between moderate and high. The top-ranked suggestion for the promotion of physical activity among the students was a provision of physical and social environments that encourage and allow safe and pleasurable physical activity

Depression, Anxiety And Stress Among Medical And Allied Health Sciences Students At Sargodha Medical College

Abstract Objective: This study attempts to determine the frequency of depression, anxiety and stress and associated factors among medical and allied health sciences students of Sargodha Medical College.  Methods: The nature of the study is cross-sectional, among 350 (175 each) medical and allied health sciences students of Sargodha Medical College. The students were recruited using convenient sampling. Socio-demographic information was recorded and depression, anxiety and stress were assessed using the depression, anxiety and stress scale (DASS-21). Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24.0 was used for data entry and analysis. Results: The study shows that nearly half of medical students (53.1%) had depression, 69.7% had anxiety and 44% had stress; while among allied health sciences students, 60.6% were depressed, 73.7% had anxiety and 45.1% had reported stress. The mean depression score among medical students was 12.19 ± 9.98 and 13.29 ± 11.12 among allied health sciences students (p≤0.332). Conclusion: Based on the results, it is recommended that various methods should be adapted and prioritized for enhancing the mental health of the students to support and improve academic learning among students.

Cytotoxicity, In vitro anti-Leishmanial and fingerprint HPLC- photodiode array analysis of the roots of Trillium govanianum.

Trillium govanianum Wall. ex D. Don (Melanthiaceae alt. Trilliaceae), commonly known as 'nagchhatry' or 'teen patra', distributed from Pakistan to Bhutan about 2500-3800 m altitude is indigenous to Himalayas region. In folk medicine the plant has been reported for the treatment of wound healing, sepsis and in various sexual disorders. This paper reports, for the first time, to evaluate the cytotoxicity, in vitro anti-leishmanial (promastigotes) and fingerprint HPLC-photodiode array analysis of the MeOH extract of the roots of T. govanianum and its solid phase extraction fractions. Reverse phase HPLC-PDA based quantification revealed the presence of significant amount of quercetin, myrecetin and kaemferol ranging from 0.221to 0.528 μg/mg DW. MeOH extract revealed distinguishable protein kinase inhibitory activity against Streptomyces 85E strain with 18 mm bald phenotype. The remarkable toxicity profile against brine shrimps and leishmanial was manifested by MeOH extract with LC50 10 and 38.5 μg/mL, respectively

On Separately Irresolute and Pre semi open Multiplication Mapping of TopologicalSpaces defined on Loops

This paper is devoted to explore semi topological loops withrespect to irresoluteness. It is also investigated that how separately irres-olute and pre semi open multiplication mapping of topological spaces aredefined on Inverse property loops. We mainly show that, semi closure ofsemi discrete sub-loop of a semi Irr-topological loop is also a sub-loop; asub-loop of semi Irr-topological loop has semi isolated point if and onlyif it is semi discrete; Image under the composition of inverse mappingand left translation of a semi compact set in a semi Irr-topological IP-loop is semi compact. In fact, we investigate the properties of Semi Irr-topological loops by enfeebling the conditions of continuity and opennes

On Generalization of Quasi s-topological IP-loops

This paper is based on the investigation and characterization ofthe properties of quasiG-s-topological loops. Moreover, we have also in-troduced the notion of quasiG-s-topological loop having inverse propertyrespecting semi continuity

Relations on topologized groups

In our present paper, topological groups are being discussed,where the relations with counter examples built the interest in the generalizedstructure. Some of these structures have also been converted into theother structures using topological isomorphism. In our work, the identityelement plays the important role in lieu of arbitrary element. The role oftopology has the more interest in our disciplin

A Paradigmatic approach to Quasi Topological Loops: Classification and Characterization

In this paper, we discuss some more properties of quasi topological loops when multiplication mapping is separately irresolute, separately semi-continuous and separately G-semi-continuous with their inverse mappings are irresolute, semi-continuous and G-semi-continuous respectively. Moreover, we provide a comparative overview of these topological loops respecting three different forms of continuity based on Levine&rsquo;s semi-open set

Competency of groundwater recharge of irrigated cotton field subjacent to sowing methods, plastic mulch, water productivity, and yield under climate change

Irrigated agriculture is a foremost consumer of water resources to fulfill the demand for food and fiber with an increasing population under climate changes; cotton is no exception. Depleting groundwater recharge and water productivity is critical for the sustainable cotton crop yield peculiarly in the semiarid region. This study investigated the water productivity and cotton yield under six different treatments: three sowing methods, i.e., flat, ridge, and bed planting with and without plastic mulch. Cotton bed planting without mulch showed maximum water productivity (0.24 kg.m-3) and the highest cotton yield (1946 kg.ha-1). Plastic mulching may reduce water productivity and cotton yield. HYDRUS-1D unsaturated flow model was used to access the groundwater recharge for 150 days under six treatments after model performance evaluation. Maximum cumulative recharge was observed 71 cm for the flat sowing method without plastic mulch. CanESM2 was used to predict climate scenarios for RCP 2.6, 4.5, and 8.5 for the 2050s and 2080s by statistical downscale modeling (SDSM) using historical data from 1975 to 2005 to access future groundwater recharge flux. Average cumulative recharge flux declined 36.53% in 2050 and 22.91% in 2080 compared to 2017 without plastic mulch. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that a maximum 23.78% reduction in groundwater recharge could influence future climate change. Further study may require to understand the remaining influencing factor of depleting groundwater recharge. Findings highlight the significance of climate change and the cotton sowing method while accessing future groundwater resources in irrigated agriculture.Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Springer Nature.Peer reviewe

Entropies Via Various Molecular Descriptors of Layer Structure of <i>H</i>₃<i>BO</i>₃

Entropy is essential. Entropy is a measure of a system’s molecular disorder or unpredictability, since work is produced by organized molecular motion. Entropy theory offers a profound understanding of the direction of spontaneous change for many commonplace events. A formal definition of a random graph exists. It deals with relational data’s probabilistic and structural properties. The lower-order distribution of an ensemble of attributed graphs may be used to describe the ensemble by considering it to be the results of a random graph. Shannon’s entropy metric is applied to represent a random graph’s variability. A structural or physicochemical characteristic of a molecule or component of a molecule is known as a molecular descriptor. A mathematical correlation between a chemical’s quantitative molecular descriptors and its toxicological endpoint is known as a QSAR model for predictive toxicology. Numerous physicochemical, toxicological, and pharmacological characteristics of chemical substances help to foretell their type and mode of action. Topological indices were developed some 150 years ago as an alternative to the Herculean, and arduous testing is needed to examine these features. This article uses various computational and mathematical techniques to calculate atom–bond connectivity entropy, atom–bond sum connectivity entropy, the newly defined Albertson entropy using the Albertson index, and the IRM entropy using the IRM index. We use the subdivision and line graph of the H3BO3 layer structure, which contains one boron atom and three oxygen atoms to form the chemical boric acid

Entropies Via Various Molecular Descriptors of Layer Structure of H3BO3

Entropy is essential. Entropy is a measure of a system&rsquo;s molecular disorder or unpredictability, since work is produced by organized molecular motion. Entropy theory offers a profound understanding of the direction of spontaneous change for many commonplace events. A formal definition of a random graph exists. It deals with relational data&rsquo;s probabilistic and structural properties. The lower-order distribution of an ensemble of attributed graphs may be used to describe the ensemble by considering it to be the results of a random graph. Shannon&rsquo;s entropy metric is applied to represent a random graph&rsquo;s variability. A structural or physicochemical characteristic of a molecule or component of a molecule is known as a molecular descriptor. A mathematical correlation between a chemical&rsquo;s quantitative molecular descriptors and its toxicological endpoint is known as a QSAR model for predictive toxicology. Numerous physicochemical, toxicological, and pharmacological characteristics of chemical substances help to foretell their type and mode of action. Topological indices were developed some 150 years ago as an alternative to the Herculean, and arduous testing is needed to examine these features. This article uses various computational and mathematical techniques to calculate atom&ndash;bond connectivity entropy, atom&ndash;bond sum connectivity entropy, the newly defined Albertson entropy using the Albertson index, and the IRM entropy using the IRM index. We use the subdivision and line graph of the H3BO3 layer structure, which contains one boron atom and three oxygen atoms to form the chemical boric acid