Thermodynamic Speed of Sound Data for Liquid and Supercritical Alcohols

Because of their caloric and thermal nature, speed of sound data are vital for the development of fundamental Helmholtz energy equations of state for fluids. The present work reports such data for methanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, and 1-butanol along seven isotherms in the temperature range from 220 to 500 K and a pressure of up to 125 MPa. The overall expanded uncertainty varies between 0.07% and 0.11% with a confidence level of 95%. The employed experiment is based on a double path length pulse-echo method with a single piezoelectric quartz crystal of 8 MHz, which is placed between two reflectors at different path lengths. Measured speed of sound data for the four alcohols are fitted with double polynomial equations and compared with literature sources

A Sectoral Analysis of Poverty in Pakistan

Since independence, the problem of mass poverty in Pakistan has been substantial. The number of the destitute has continued to soar. The problem of poverty now looks to be beyond control. The vast masses of the people, particularly in rural areas, are indeed, miserably below the poverty line. Moreover, the socioeconomic and demographic indicators are dismal. Official planning and the market economy system have failed to lessen poverty. The policies formulated to eradicate it have failed to achieve their objectives. The issue of poverty in Pakistan has its significance for sustainable development. Long run development is not possible without protecting the rights of the vulnerable groups and the participation of the entire population in the development process. Although Pakistan’s economic growth has been quite respectable for much of the last four decades but it has failed to trickle down to the masses. The country has experienced poverty and stagnation in 1950s, increasing poverty and growth in the 1960s, stagnation of growth but declining poverty in the 1970s, increasing growth and declining poverty in the 1980s and finally, increasing poverty and falling growth in the 1990s [MHCHD/UNDP (1999)]. The mainstream approach to identifying the poor specifies a cut-off point ‘poverty line’, defining the level of income/expenditure below which people are diagnosed as poor. The conventional measure of poverty, head-count index, has been widely used in Pakistan. However, in practice this absolute threshold usually cannot stand the pressures of changing circumstances and is not as absolute as the term would appear to imply [Zaidi and de Vos (1993)]. To show the true face of poverty this study uses Foster, Greer and Thorbecke (1984) class of additively decomposable measure to estimate the variation in the incidence, intensity and severity of poverty across sectors of employment. This study also determines the relative contribution of the various sectors to aggregate poverty. Location index is also used to measure the concentration of poor in each sector. To evaluate the sources of observed changes in sectoral poverty at the micro level ‘HIES’ data sets are used.

Modeling and Forecasting Volatility in Pakistan Stock Exchange

Analysis of time series is used to develop simple models which can forecast, interpret, and analyze the result concerning its field of application. The main purpose of this study was to check and model the volatility in Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) for the near future. The stock exchange data are highly volatile and there are many factors which affect the daily market returns. A developing country like Pakistan is interfered by the conditions of International Monetary Fund (IMF), dollar fluctuations and thus, it becomes very difficult to forecast these returns due to continuous effect of above and many other factors (which are unknowns). Generally, in the presence of these factors, the naive or simple models do not perform efficiently because of their ability to model averages and thus volatility models are used which model variation in the data. We used dataset from 2nd June 2006 to 23rd August 2020 using rolling window technique and find GARCH (3,2) as best model to forecast PSX returns

Epidemiological Burden of Lower Limb Spasticity in Adults: A Systematic Review

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the burden of disease associated with lower limb spasticity (LLS) and its complications in adults. Methods: A systematic search of MEDLINE and EMBASE identified 9 studies published between November 2012 and July 2019 that assessed the epidemiological burden associated with LLS. Results: LLS was found to occur in one-third of adults after neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), one quarter to one third with multiple sclerosis, one quarter to half with Parkinson’s disease and roughly half with stroke. LLS reduces mobility and diminishes the quality of life. LLS complications, especially injuries following falls are a common occurrence. Conclusion: Given the high prevalence among adults with common disorders, such as stroke; the evidence on the burden of LLS is somewhat finite. Further research is needed to explore the trends over time and across different geographical regions in the incidence and prevalence of LLS. The dearth of high-quality evidence for LLS suggests a lack of awareness of the problem and interest in it, and hence, the unmet need among patients and their carers

Changing Pattern of Mycena polygramma in Pakistan

There are number of factors which influence the natural vegetation of any area. These include rapid industrialization and developing infrastructure along with environmental problems which disturbed the natural habitat of the native species. Such factors also influence the entrance of new biodiversity in the ecosystem. The recent study attempts to report such phenomenon for the genus Mycena (Family Tricholomataceae). Keywords: Macromycetes, Mycena polygramma, Rapid Industrialization, environmental influence

Intelligent Agent for detection of ATM Theft

ATM service is considered as more profitable service of a bank. There are many pre caution have been determined to use an ATM but still some threats are face by customer to use an ATM, such as existence of another person with a customer will be encountered as threat for ATM. The focus of this paper is to design the architecture of an intelligent agent which incorporates with ATM agent to detect the existence of unknown person with customer and takes some safety steps for customer. Finally proposed intelligent can be enhanced to detect the more theft face by customer of ATM

Thermodynamic Properties of Dodecamethylpentasiloxane, Tetradecamethylhexasiloxane, and Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane

The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.iecr.9b00608Siloxanes are widely used in the chemical industry and in process and power engineering. For example, they are used as working fluids of organic Rankine cycle power plants since 20 years ago. For the process design and optimization, thermodynamic properties, such as enthalpy, entropy, speed of sound, density, and vapor–liquid equilibrium, are required. While the properties of short-chained siloxanes, such as hexamethyldisiloxane (MM) or octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4), have already been investigated comprehensively, information on thermophysical properties of higher order siloxanes is limited. Therefore, measurements on density and speed of sound in the liquid state of dodecamethylpentasiloxane (MD3M), tetradecamethylhexasiloxane (MD4M), and decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) are presented here. On the basis of these measurements and other experimental data from the literature, new fundamental equations of state were developed for these three fluids. The equations are based on the Helmholtz energy and, thus, allow for the calculation of any thermodynamic state property by means of derivatives with respect to the natural variables, namely temperature and density. The obtained models also feature a correct extrapolation behavior in regions where no data are available in order to ensure the applicability of the equations to mixture models in the future. On the basis of the present equations of state and recently published equations for other siloxanes, the possibility of the siloxanes belonging to the group of Bethe–Zel’dovich–Thompson fluids is also investigated