Effect of doping concentration on absorbance, structural, and magnetic properties of cobalt-doped ZnO nano-crystallites

Abstract Controlled conduction of magnetic spins is desired for data processing in modern spintronic devices. Transition metal-doped ZnO is a potential candidate for this purpose. We studied the effects of cobalt doping on structural, absorbance, and magnetic properties of ZnO nano-particles. Different compositions (Zn0.99Co0.1O, Zn0.97Co0.3O, and Zn0.95Co0.5O) of cobalt-doped ZnO were fabricated using metallic chlorides by co-precipitation method. XRD revealed standard ZnO wurtzite crystal structure without lattice distortion due to impurities but showed presence of additional phases at higher doping ratios. Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy also confirmed the standard ZnO profiles at lower doping ratios but additional phases at higher doping. Vibrating sample magnetometer showed soft ferromagnetic behavior for low impurity samples and harder ferromagnetic behavior for higher doping at room temperature. A simultaneous differential scanning calorimetry/thermo gravimetric analysis was performed to study the phase variations during crystallization.</jats:p

Middlemarch: Dramatizing Psychological Dynamics of Bodies and Surroundings

Middlemarch (1872), novel by George Eliot projects weather, atmosphere, landscape, architecture, and other environmental elements. These environmental elements in the novel construct shape and participate in plot and significantly are functioning as dynamic participants in it affecting the lives of inhabitants of Middlemarch in the background. Eliot’s novel Middlemarch under this study, exhibits a defining role between characters and their environments at the center instead of the periphery. As a literary text, Middlemarch represents literal exchanges and interactions between bodies and their material surroundings. In Eliot’s Middlemarch, descriptions of weather, landscape, and atmospherics significantly dramatize psychological projection on the characters and their actions in the plot in contact with their surroundings. The denotative, literal function of ambient description works as a characterizing force in the text. This study examines the role of ambient description as author’s tool because it dramatizes psychological dynamics, as well as literal, material interactions between physical bodies and their surroundings. This study illuminates the notion how Victorian novelists especially George Eliot used the description of physical surroundings as a means of medium to establish debates of mutual effects on one another in context of organism-environment interaction

Desphosphorization in ironmaking and oxygen steelmaking

Steelmaking is an extensive industry based on modifying the physical properties of iron to fit a wide range of applications by either adding alloying elements or removal of impurities. Thus, the effects of various elemental components on final steel properties are at the heart of the steelmaking process whether in small concentrations coming from the raw materials or being in larger concentrations as alloying elements. Owing to increased demand of iron ore raw materials, the access to high-quality ores has been under stress and thus, increased usage of low-quality ores, which contains high concentrations of impurities such as phosphorus and sulphur has become more economical. Such impurities have been known to have adverse impacts on the final steel properties and need special management in conventional steel making operation. This report primarily focuses on the management strategies of phosphorus in steelmaking including the behavior of phosphorus and its removal strategies in several core components of the process: blast furnace (BF), basic oxygen furnace (BOF), electric arc furnace (EAF) and argon oxygen decarburization (AOD). The objective of the report is to review underlying research in the area giving a reference to the available literature and support propagation of future research projects addressing various aspects of dephosphorization in steelmaking

COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ANALYSIS OF NOVEL MAPPING MULTIPLEXING (NMM) TECHNIQUE FOR LONG HAUL OPTICAL FIBER TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS

A new multiplexing technique based on mapping method called Novel Mapping Multiplexing (NMM) is proposed and well demonstrated. It is reported that spectral width occupied by 40 Gb/s NMM is 40 GHz with spectral efficiency of 1bit/sec/Hz that shows a clear advantage over the conventional NRZ-OOK and RZ-OOK with same data rate of 40Gbits/sec having spectral efficiency of 0.5bit/sec/Hz and 0.25bit/sec/Hz respectively. This technique features better chromatic dispersion (CD) tolerance and Q-Factor because of its narrow spectral width