Biotechnology of Whey using Yeast Fungi Isolated from Local Environment

The potential threat of whey pollution to the soil environment and ultimately groundwater resources in UAB promoted the elements of concern to the utilization of the whey waste. This work was conducted in AI-Ain area to isolate new fermenting yeast strains, from local soils, capable of fermenting whey lactose. Soil samples were collected from two locations in AI-Ain area (near Al-Ain dairy farm & AI-Markhania area) and from a neighboring area (AI-Buraimi) based on the soil nature and ecological parameters. Inorganic elements and organic residues of the soil samples were characterized. Results indicated that AI-Buraimi soil is rich in nitrate nitrogen, reactive iron (878 mg kg-1), sulphur and organic carbon. Al-Ain Dairy Farm soil is rich in ammonia nitrogen (26mg Kg-1) and magnesium oxide. AI-Markhania soil is rich in phosphorus and potassium. Organic analysis indicated that AI-Markhania soil is the richest in organic residuals of plant debris. This results in providing the most favourable organic environment for the growth and proliferation of microorganisms. The highest soil conductivity was recorded in AI-Buraimi area (1.0740dS m-1). This is attributed to the high content of soil minerals. The pH value indicated that all the soil samples were within the neutral to slightly alkaline range [7.10-7.80]. The type of whey used in the study was classified according to pH (6.62) and acidity (0.10%) as sweet whey and the salt content was found to be 0.20%. Standard and enrichment isolation methods in which the whey lactose is used as a carbon source were used to isolate the potential whey-fermenting yeasts from the soil. The highest number of isolated yeasts was obtained from AI-Markhania soil (rich in organic matter), followed by AI-Buraimi soil (rich in minerals). The lowest number of yeast has been observed in AI-Ain Dairy Farm soil which is poor in. organic nutrients (non cultivated desert soil). Yeast isolates number (2, 1 4 and 20), all isolated from AI-Markhania soil, have shown strong fermentative ability on whey broth. Out of these three isolates, the highest ethanol concentration was achieved by the yeast isolate (number 20). It was tentatively identified to species level in accordance to morphological, cultural, sexual and physiological criteria as described by Barrnet, (1984). The identification of isolate number (20) was confirmed by the National Collection of Yeast Cultures (NCYC, UK) and as a result of this study, it has been referred to as Kluyveromyces marxianus NCYC 2886. Yeast fermentation conditions [temperature and whey lactose concentrations] were studied so as to reach optimal ethanol yields. K. marxianus NCYC 2886 was subjected to various temperatures ranging between 30°C to 50°C. The results revealed that ethanol production increases in parallel with the elevation of temperature from (30°C, 35°C, 40°C and 45°C). The optimal ethanol production was achieved at 40°C. Therefore it could consequently be referred to as a thermotolerant whey fermenting yeast. Reduction of ethanol production was observed at high temperatures exceeding 50°C. Eight lactose concentrations, in whey, in the range of 0.31 - 11.05%, were employed to investigate the effect of lactose concentrations on the fermenting ability and efficiency of the yeast strain Kluyveromyces marxianus NCYC 2886 in producing ethanol. The optimal lactose concentration found to enhance ethanol production is 2.5% contained in 50% diluted whey. The increase in lactose concentration from 2.50% to 4.95% slightly decreased the ethanol yield and ultimately withstood lactose utilization. With the aim of optimizing ethanol yield, different chemical amendments were subjected to study so as to test their ability in enhancing whey fermentation at 40°C using 50% diluted whey. Addition of 0.20 g of yeast extract in 100 ml of 50% whey concentration resulted in yielding 6.55% ethanol compared to the non-amended whey (5.33%). This was the highest yield of ethanol obtained. Ethanol concentrations were found to be similar (6.10%) when 1.20 g/100 ml whey of both beef extract and peptone were used. Addition of 0.03 g of potassium di-hydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4) resulted in producing 6.35 % ethanol. The above supplements are significantly increased the ethanol production and considered as enhancers. In contrast, the addition of higher concentration of yeast extract (1.20 g) significantly decreased ethanol yield to 3.80% compared to the non-amended whey · (5.33%). A clear inhibition of ethanol yield was observed when magnesium sulphate (MgSO4) alone was used as a supplement in whey fermentation. Urea has shown inhibitory effect on whey fermentation by the yeast strain K. marxianus NCYC 2886. Di-potassium hydrogen phosphate (K2HPO4) ions appeared to exert a significant inhibitory effect on fermentation process compared to the non-amended whey (5.33%). on addition of mesoinositol (0.10% w/v) and pantothenate (0.0001% w/v) the ethanol concentrations yield were 3.57% and 3.55%, respectively. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) (0.20% w/v) led to the production of 3.99% ethanol which is significantly low compared to the non-amended whey (5.33%). Manganese chloride (MnCl2) added to 50% cheese whey (final concentration was 1.0 g/L) resulted in low production of ethanol at 40°C (3.53%). This result may be attributed to the addition of higher concentration of Mn Cl2. The addition of high linoleic acid concentration (1 % w/v) to 100 ml of 50% whey resulted in obvious reduction of ethanol production where 3.55% ethanol was yielded. The results obtained by using riboflavin (0.000 1 % w/v), pyridoxin-HCl (0.0001 % w/v), aminobenzoic acid (0.0002% w/v), malt extract (0.2% w/v), ammonium sulphate [(NH3)2SO4] (0.05% w/v), Tween 80 (30 µL), nicotinic acid (0.0005 % w/v), thiamin (0.0001 % w/v), peptone (0.20% w/v) and beef extract (0.20% w/v) indicated no significant effect on the whey fermentation process at 40°C compared to the non-amended whey (5.33%). The reduction efficiency of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) obtained for the fermented 50% whey, with and without yeast extract addition at 40°C, were 59% and 46% respectively

EFFECT OF ABSCISIC ACID ON THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF LETTUCE (LACTUCA SATIVA 1.) UNDER VARIED IRRIGATION REGIMES

Economically important vegetable crop lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) of family Asteraceae was selected for the present investigation. It is being cultivated in UAE due to its commercial importance. In lettuce cultivation, major problem is the requirement of large quantity of irrigation water. The present study was aimed to reduce the water consumption of lettuce cultivation, for that, a varied irrigation regime was used with the application of abscisic acid (ABA). The parameters studied were growth, photosynthetic pigments, biochemical constituents, antioxidant potential and antioxidant enzymes activities in lettuce plants under drought stress and its response to ABA under stress. Drought stress decreased the morphological parameters like root, shoot length, total leaf number, fresh and dry weight in lettuce. The growth parameters increased in ABA treatments under drought stress. The pigment contents of the lettuce leaves also showed the same trend. But drought stress caused an increase in the biochemical constituents like proline and amino acid contents when compared with control. All these parameters also increased under individual ABA treatments and treatments under drought stress. ABA treatments to the unstressed plants caused an increase in these parameters. The non-enzymatic antioxidant molecules like ascorbate and ἁ-tocopherol showed significant increase under drought condition in lettuce. ABA slightly reduced these contents. The antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase showed significant increase under drought condition and ABA caused significant enhancement in these antioxidant enzymes under drought stress and also in unstressed conditions, thereby protecting the plants from the deleterious effects of drought stress. From the results of this investigation, it can be concluded that ABA at 10 µg/l can be used as a potential tool to minimize the drought stress effects in lettuce cultivation

The relationship between trauma centrality, self-efficacy, posttraumatic stress and psychiatric co-morbidity among Syrian refugees: Is gender a moderator?

© 2017 Elsevier Ltd This study examined the inter-relationship between trauma centrality, self-efficacy, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and psychiatric co-morbidity among a group of Syrian refugees living in Turkey, and whether gender would moderate the mediational effect of self-efficacy on the impact of trauma centrality on distress. Seven hundred and ninety-two Syrian refugees completed the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire, General Health Questionnaire-28, Centrality of Event Scale and Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale. The results showed that 52% met the cutoff for PTSD. Trauma centrality was positively correlated with PTSD, psychiatric co-morbidity and self-efficacy. Self-efficacy was negatively correlated with PTSD only. Gender did not moderate the mediational effect of self-efficacy on the path between trauma centrality and distress outcomes. To conclude, following exposure to traumatic events, more than half reported PTSD. Perception of the future and identity construction was affected. Signs of psychological distress were evident, alongside resilience, regardless of gender

Foundations and Types of Criminal Liability of a Legal Person in the English Law and the Penal Code of the United Arab Emirates: A comparative study

This Article aims to determine the basis and type of corporate criminal liability provided by the UAE Penal Code. To achieve this aim, comparison has been made between the UAE Penal Code and the English Law. The development of corporate criminal liability within the English Law, the basis, type and theories established such liability have been examined. It is seen that the English Criminal Law makes distinction between two types of corporate criminal liability, indirect and direct liability. The English Courts base the indirect liability upon the principle of vicarious liability. This type of liability applies to offences of strict liability. An offence is one of strict liability if mens rea is not required in respect of one or more elements of the actus reus of that offence. The direct corporate criminal liability is established by applying the identification doctrine. This doctrine, sometimes known as the alter ego principle, takes the conduct and state of mind of certain high-ranking corporate officials to be the conduct and state of mind of the corporation itself.. Understanding the various basis of corporate criminal liability within the English context helps in determining the basis and type of corporate criminal liability within the UAE Penal Code. It is evidenced from this comparative study that the corporate criminal liability provided by Article 65 of the UAE Penal Code is a personal and direct liability, and not an indirect ones, as it is adopted by some Emirati Courts’ decisions. Characterizing corporate criminal liability as personal and direct liability by the Penal Code is supported by comparing the concept and requisite of direct liability with an indirect liability. It is seen that, the indirect corporate liability depends upon the establishment of natural person’s criminal liability. This means that the existence of such liability depends upon the conviction of the natural person committed the offence. However, the establishment of direct corporate criminal liability does not rely upon the conviction of natural person, rather it depends only on the commission of the offence by natural person. Moreover, Article 65 of the Penal Code indicates that, the criminal liability of corporate is not restricted to specific offences, rather it is applicable to the whole range of offences provided for by the Code and other criminal statutes. This is based upon the fact that, the provision for corporate criminal liability is included in the first book of the Penal Code. This means that such provision is considered as a general rule applicable to all offences provided by the UAE criminal la

العلاقة بين الوقف والابتكار في ظل الرؤية الفقهية

Since AL waqf had been one of the foundations of supporting economy and a reason of its prosperity and also meets the needs of the society. As a result, money is not monopolized to the rich, but is distributed among the members of the society to benefit from its fruits and produce it as well, so Allah bless them with wealth and prosperity. Therefore , increasing A-waqf and encouraging its benefactors had been urgent , but there appeared , hither and thither, complaints that see Aم waqf, depending on the scholars' sayings, as an obstacle that blocks progress and is not in line with the current civilizations of the developed countries because it is, as they see it, solid ,non- renewable and is not able to keep pace with progress. However, to uncover these allegations and to confront the truths of what they said, this research is aimed at examining the relationship between AL waqf and innovation and whether it remains elegant when it wears the dress ofinnovation or it does not suit it and, thus, judge it as nothing more than an ancient heritage of the nation

The impact of trauma exposure characteristics on post-traumatic stress disorder and psychiatric co-morbidity among Syrian refugees

© 2017 Elsevier B.V. This study investigated the impact of trauma exposure characteristics on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and psychiatric co-morbidity among Syrian refugees. One thousand one hundred and ninety-seven refugees residing in Turkey and Sweden participated in the research. They completed the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire and the General Health Questionnaire-28. Forty-three percent of refugees met the cutoff for PTSD. After adjusting for location of residence, witnessing horror and exposure to life threat and assault were significantly correlated with PTSD and psychiatric co-morbidity respectively. Death of, or life threat to family members or friends were significantly correlated with both distress outcomes. Refugees residing in Turkey had significantly higher levels of PTSD, psychiatric co-morbidity and trauma characteristics than those living in Sweden. To conclude, Syrian refugees who witnessed horror, life threat or had family or friends die, tended to have elevated psychological distress. Levels of distress among resettled refugees can vary depending on country of resettlement. We recommend systematic mental health screening and implementation of psychotherapeutic interventions to address issues pertaining to subjective experience of resettlement and trauma exposure for Syrian refugees

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Psychiatric Co-morbidity among Syrian Refugees of Different Ages: the Role of Trauma Centrality

© 2018, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature. It has been documented that trauma centrality is associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and psychiatric co-morbidity among Syrian refugees. Whether age would influence the levels of the above constructs and the association between trauma centrality and distress outcomes is unclear. This study compared age differences in 1) the levels of trauma centrality, posttraumatic stress disorder and psychiatric co-morbidity, and 2) models depicting the association between trauma centrality and distress outcomes among Syrian refugees. One thousand one hundred and ninety-seven refugees completed the Centrality of Event Scale, Harvard Trauma Questionnaire and General Health Questionnaire-28. Age groups were divided into young, middle-aged adults and adults of 45 or above. No significant group differences were found in the proportion of refugees meeting the diagnostic criteria for PTSD. Controlling for demographic variables, all subscales of trauma centrality and psychiatric co-morbidity were significantly different between groups. Young adults reported significantly less trauma centrality and psychiatric co-morbidity than the other groups. Multiple-indicator multiple-cause modelling showed that trauma centrality was significantly correlated with PTSD and psychiatric co-morbidity. Multi-group analysis showed the model for the young adult group to be significantly different from the middle-aged group model. To conclude, age did not seem to influence the severity of PTSD among Syrian refugees. The war had a less severe impact on young adults’ sense of self and other psychological problems than those who were older. The way in which young and middle-aged adults responded to distress varied depending on environment and personal characteristics

Posttraumatic stress disorder and psychiatric co-morbidity among Syrian refugees: the role of trauma exposure, trauma centrality, self-efficacy and emotional suppression

Background: The devastation of the Syrian war can lead to a drastic re-evaluation of oneself and alteration in self-capacities. Yet, little is known regarding its impact on these domains among Syrian refugees.Aims: To investigate the inter-relationship between trauma characteristics, trauma centrality, self-efficacy, emotional suppression, PTSD and psychiatric co-morbidity among Syrian refugees.Methods: 1197 refugees from Turkey and Sweden completed the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire, General Health Questionnaire-28, Centrality of Event Scale, Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale and Courtauld Emotional Control Scale.Results: Using the DSM-IV criteria for PTSD from the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire, 43% met the criteria. The PTSD group reported significantly higher levels of trauma characteristics, trauma centrality and psychiatric co-morbidity but a lower level of self-efficacy than the non-PTSD group. Trauma characteristics were positively associated with trauma centrality; trauma centrality was negatively correlated with self-efficacy. Contrary to hypothesis, self-efficacy was positively correlated with emotional suppression which was positively correlated with psychiatric co-morbidity but not PTSD.Conclusions: The experience of war can lead to the emergence of PTSD among Syrian refugees. Exposure to war can alter self-perception, belief of personal mastery over one\u27s future and the way emotion is expressed, all of which can have specific effects on general psychological symptoms

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Psychiatric Co-morbidity among Syrian Refugees of Different Ages : the Role of Trauma Centrality

It has been documented that trauma centrality is associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and psychiatric co-morbidity among Syrian refugees. Whether age would influence the levels of the above constructs and the association between trauma centrality and distress outcomes is unclear. This study compared age differences in 1) the levels of trauma centrality, posttraumatic stress disorder and psychiatric co-morbidity, and 2) models depicting the association between trauma centrality and distress outcomes among Syrian refugees. One thousand one hundred and ninety-seven refugees completed the Centrality of Event Scale, Harvard Trauma Questionnaire and General Health Questionnaire-28. Age groups were divided into young, middle-aged adults and adults of 45 or above. No significant group differences were found in the proportion of refugees meeting the diagnostic criteria for PTSD. Controlling for demographic variables, all subscales of trauma centrality and psychiatric co-morbidity were significantly different between groups. Young adults reported significantly less trauma centrality and psychiatric co-morbidity than the other groups. Multiple-indicator multiple-cause modelling showed that trauma centrality was significantly correlated with PTSD and psychiatric co-morbidity. Multi-group analysis showed the model for the young adult group to be significantly different from the middle-aged group model. To conclude, age did not seem to influence the severity of PTSD among Syrian refugees. The war had a less severe impact on young adults' sense of self and other psychological problems than those who were older. The way in which young and middle-aged adults responded to distress varied depending on environment and personal characteristics.Peer reviewe