Лексическое наполнение современных газет российских немцев как реализация этнической функции языка

The purpose of our study was to determine the expression of the pro-apoptotic BAX protein in relation to the mutational status of BAX and p53 (as transcriptional activator of the BAX gene) in benign and malignant thyroid tissue. In 47 patients with thyroid tumours (14 follicular and 3 papillary carcinomas, 14 adenomas and 16 goitres), the DNA was screened for mutations of BAX (exon 1-6) and p53 (exon 5-8) by single-strand conformation polymorphism polymerase chain reaction (SSCP-PCR). Furthermore, the protein expression of BAX, p53 and p21 (which is also increased transcriptionally by p53) was investigated by immunohistochemistry. Surprisingly, we observed elevated BAX levels in patients with thyroid carcinomas compared with patients with adenomas (unpaired t-test: p<0.05) or with goitres (p<0.02). This is in clear contrast to other carcinomas where BAX is frequently inactivated which correlates to a poor prognosis (Sturm et al., 1999). There were no significant differences of the BAX levels between goitres or the adenomas. In the SSCP-PCR analysis, no BAX mutations were detectable. P53 mutation analysis by SSCP-PCR did not reveal any functional p53 mutations in the patients with carcinomas, adenomas or goitres. Nevertheless, patients with carcinomas showed an overexpression (preferentially cytoplasmic) of p53 protein compared with patients with benign tumours (p<0.05). The absence of p53 mutations suggests that the overexpressed p53 is wild type. This is in line with the expression profile of BAX and p21, which showed a higher protein expression in these p53 positive tumours (p<0.05 in the carcinomas compared with the non-malignant lesions). Consequently, the overexpressed p53 might be a correlate for dysregulation without loss of function. This, in turn, might be a reason for the good outcome of some patients with thyroid cancer

On the full, strongly exceptional collections on toric varieties with Picard number three

We investigate full strongly exceptional collections on smooth, com- plete toric varieties. We obtain explicit results for a large family of varieties with Picard number three, containing many of the families already known. We also describe the relations between the collections and the split of the push forward of the trivial line bundle by the toric Frobenius morphism

Genomic insights into the rapid emergence and evolution of MDR in Staphylococcus pseudintermedius.

OBJECTIVES: MDR methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) strains have emerged rapidly as major canine pathogens and present serious treatment issues and concerns to public health due to their, albeit low, zoonotic potential. A further understanding of the genetics of resistance arising from a broadly susceptible background of S. pseudintermedius is needed. METHODS: We sequenced the genomes of 12 S. pseudintermedius isolates of varied STs and resistance phenotypes. RESULTS: Nine distinct clonal lineages had acquired either staphylococcal cassette chromosome (SCC) mec elements and/or Tn5405-like elements carrying up to five resistance genes [aphA3, sat, aadE, erm(B), dfrG] to generate MRSP, MDR methicillin-susceptible S. pseudintermedius and MDR MRSP populations. The most successful and clinically problematic MDR MRSP clones, ST68 SCCmecV(T) and ST71 SCCmecII-III, have further accumulated mutations in gyrA and grlA conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones. The carriage of additional mobile genetic elements (MGEs) was highly variable, suggesting that horizontal gene transfer is frequent in S. pseudintermedius populations. CONCLUSIONS: Importantly, the data suggest that MDR MRSP evolved rapidly by the acquisition of a very limited number of MGEs and mutations, and that the use of many classes of antimicrobials may co-select for the spread and emergence of MDR and XDR strains. Antimicrobial stewardship will need to be comprehensive, encompassing human medicine and veterinary disciplines to successfully preserve antimicrobial efficacy

Energy Release During Slow Long Duration Flares Observed by RHESSI

Slow Long Duration Events (SLDEs) are flares characterized by long duration of rising phase. In many such cases impulsive phase is weak with lack of typical short-lasting pulses. Instead of that smooth, long-lasting Hard X-ray (HXR) emission is observed. We analysed hard X-ray emission and morphology of six selected SLDEs. In our analysis we utilized data from RHESSI and GOES satellites. Physical parameters of HXR sources were obtained from imaging spectroscopy and were used for the energy balance analysis. Characteristic time of heating rate decrease, after reaching its maximum value, is very long, which explains long rising phase of these flares.Comment: Accepted for publication in Solar Physic

ПСЕВДОИСЧЕРПЫВАЮЩЕЕ ТЕСТИРОВАНИЕ ОЗУ

Modern RAM tests and methods for their generation are analyzed and investigated. The wide application of pseudoexhaustive tests as the main test procedure for modern computer systems has been proved. The main estimates and metrics for so kind of tests are obtained. The values of analytical estimates have been validated by the experimental investigations.Анализируются методы тестирования современных запоминающих устройств, в том числеоперативных запоминающих устройств (ОЗУ), обосновывается применение псевдоисчерпывающих тестов для обнаружения сложных неисправностей памяти. Формулируется необходимое условие генерирования псевдоисчерпывающего теста для заданного количества запоминающих ячеек ОЗУ. Показывается, что задача генерирования псевдоисчерпывающего теста на базе многократных тестов ОЗУ с изменяемыми адресными последовательностями сводится к комбинаторной задаче собирателя купонов. Приводятся оценки минимальной, максимальной и средней кратности многократного теста для обеспечения исчерпывающего множества комбинаций для заданного числа ячеек ОЗУ, что подтверждает возможность формирования псевдоисчерпывающего теста для заданного числа ячеек ОЗУ

ПСЕВДОИСЧЕРПЫВАЮЩЕЕ ТЕСТИРОВАНИЕ ЗАПОМИНАЮЩИХ УСТРОЙСТВ НА БАЗЕ МНОГОКРАТНЫХ МАРШЕВЫХ ТЕСТОВ

Methods for modern memory devices are analyzed. The validity of using pseudo-exhaustive tests to detect complex memory faults is shown. A necessary condition for generating a pseudo-exhaustive test for a given number of memory cells is formulated. It is shown that the problem of generating a pseudo-exhaustive test based on multiple memory tests with a variable background is reduced to the combinatorial task of the coupon collector. Estimates of the mean, minimum, and maximum multiplicity of a multiple test are given to provide an exhaustive set of combinations for a given number of cells of a memory device. The validity of analytical estimates is shown experimentally and the possibility of pseudo-exhaustive memory testing is confirmed.Анализируются методы тестирования современных запоминающих устройств. Показывается обоснованность применения псевдоисчерпывающих тестов для обнаружения сложных неисправностей памяти. Формулируется необходимое условие генерирования псевдоисчерпывающего теста для заданного количества ячеек запоминающего устройства. Показывается, что задача генерирования псевдоисчерпывающего теста на базе многократных тестов запоминающих устройств с изменяемым начальным состоянием сводится к комбинаторной задаче собирателя купонов. Приводятся оценки средней, минимальной и максимальной кратности многократного теста для обеспечения исчерпывающего множества комбинаций для заданного числа ячеек запоминающего устройства. Экспериментально показывается справедливость аналитических оценок и подтверждается возможность псевдоисчерпывающего тестирования запоминающих устройств.

Is three the magic number? The role of ergonomic principles in cross country comprehension of road traffic signs

Road sign comprehension plays an important part in road safety management, particularly for those drivers who are travelling in an unfamiliar country. Previous research has established that comprehension can be improved if signs are designed to adhere to ergonomic principles. However, it may be difficult for sign designers to incorporate all the principles into a single sign and may thus have to make a judgement as to the most effective ones. This study surveyed drivers in three countries to ascertain their understanding of a range of road signs, each of which conformed in varying degrees and combinations to the ergonomic principles. We found that using three of the principles was the most effective and that the most important one was that relating to standardisation; the colours and shapes used were key to comprehension. Other concepts which related to physical and spatial characteristics were less important, whilst conceptual compatibility did not aid comprehension at all. Practitioner Summary: This study explores how road sign comprehension can be improved using ergonomic principles, with particular reference to cross-border drivers. It was found that comprehension can be improved significantly if standardisation is adhered to and if at least three principles are used

Randomised, non-comparative phase II study of weekly docetaxel with cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil or with capecitabine in oesophagogastric cancer: the AGITG ATTAX trial

BACKGROUND: Docetaxel administered 3-weekly with cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil leads to better survival than does standard therapy in patients with oesophagogastric cancer, but leads to high rates of haematological toxicity. Weekly docetaxel is associated with less haematological toxicity. This randomised phase II study tested weekly docetaxel-based combination chemotherapy regimens, with the aim of maintaining their activity while reducing toxicity. METHODS: Patients with histologically confirmed metastatic oesophageal or gastric carcinoma were randomised to receive weekly docetaxel (30 mg m(-2)) on days 1 and 8, cisplatin (60 mg m(-2)) on day 1, and 5-fluorouracil (200 mg m(-2) per day) continuously, every 3 weeks (weekly TCF, wTCF); or docetaxel (30 mg m(-2)) on days 1 and 8 and capecitabine (1600 mg m(-2) per day) on days 1-14, every 3 weeks (weekly TX, wTX). RESULTS: A total of 106 patients were enrolled (wTCF, n=50; wTX, n=56). Response rates, the primary end point, were 47% with wTCF and 26% with wTX. Rates of febrile neutropenia were low in each arm. Median progression-free and overall survival times were 5.9 and 11.2 months for wTCF and 4.6 and 10.1 months for wTX, respectively. CONCLUSION: Weekly TCF and TX have encouraging activity and less haematological toxicity than TCF administered 3-weekly. Weekly docetaxel-based combination regimens warrant further evaluation in this disease