The effects of an oral contraceptive on the submaximal work performance of college women

It was the purpose of this study to investigate the effects of an oral contraceptive on the submaximal work performance of college women. It was hypothesized that an oral contraceptive would have no significant effect on performance at submaximal work loads of 300 and 600 Kpm for any phase of the menstrual cycle. Eleven female subjects from the sophomore class (1974) at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro were volunteers for this experiment. Open circuit respirometry was utilized to investigate the extent to which the aerobic function of women was influenced by an oral contraceptive. The subjects performed submaximal work at intensities of 300 and 600 Kpm on a Monarche bicycle ergometer. Oxygen consumption was determined using a Beckman OM-11 breath by breath oxygen analyzer. Pretest measurements were recorded for each subject on the 4th, 10th, and 26th day of her menstrual cycle one month prior to taking an oral contraceptive. A post-test was given to each subject on the 4th, 10th, and 26th day of the menstrual cycle while taking birth control pills. Results indicated that increases in the metabolic work of the exercise took place for all phases of the menstrual cycle but reached a significant level for the 4th and 26th day of the cycle

Quantifying the Comprehensive Greenhouse Gas Co-Benefits of Green Buildings

This report quantifies, for the first time, the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions co-­‐benefits associated with water, waste and transportation usage in certified green commercial office buildings in California. The study compares the measured values of water, waste and transportation usage self-­‐reported by a set of office buildings certified under the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design rating system for Existing Building Operations and Maintenance (LEED-­‐EBOM) to both baseline values of conventional California office buildings and predicted values based upon state standards for green buildings and GHG impact prediction methods. The green buildings in the LEED-­‐EBOM dataset produced 50% less GHGs due to water consumption than baseline buildings, 48% less due to solid waste management, and 5% less due to transportation. If applied to the entire California office building stock, performance typical of the certified green buildings would save 0.703 MMTCO2e/yr from transportation, 0.084 MMTCO2e/yr from water, and 0.044 MMTCO2e/yr from waste, for a total potential savings of about 0.831 MMTCO2e/yr relative to conventional construction. In addition, buildings earning additional credits for specified performance thresholds for water and waste in the LEED-­‐EBOM code attained performance levels even higher than required by the code provisions, suggesting that such code provisions in other contexts may help incentivize larger GHG emissions reductions than anticipated