A novel 3D cephalometric analysis using CBCT landmarks

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this project is to develop a novel 3D cephalometric analysis using anatomical landmarks that cannot be easily viewed on a planar film but on a CBCT image and study the reliability of these measurements between different examiners. METHODS: Fifty CBCT images of patients with normodivergent, Class I skeletal patterns and without any noticeable craniofacial deformities were screened and included in the study based on the lateral cephalograms generated from CBCT data using the Roth/Jarabak Analysis. Fifteen predetermined landmarks that found to be reliable in another associated study were used to define six planes. Measurements were also completed on a human dry skull to confirm accuracy. Eleven different cephalometric measurements were performed by three operators three times using landmarks and planes in 3D. Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and intra-class correlation coefficient for intra- and inter-examiner reliability was performed. RESULTS: The measurements showed that the means and standard deviations of all three measurers are: for Mandibular A/P: 14.49mm ±2.26; Mandibular deviation: 1.63mm, ±1.19; Maxilla/Mandibular divergence: 24.51°, ±3.85; Maxillary deviation: 0.94mm ±0.5; Pitch (Mandibular Plane), 50.38° ±2.8; Pitch (Maxillary Plane): 74.66° ±3.53; Roll (Mandibular Plane): 87.66° ±2.38, 0.05; Roll (Maxillary Plane): 87.70° ±1.85; Yaw (Maxillary Plane): 4.41°± 2.11; Yaw (Mandibular): 3.61°± 2.43; Maxillary A/P: 2.96mm ±2.26. An interclass correlation was calculated at a range from 0.53 to 0.95. CONCLUSIONS: The means and standard deviations of the measurements can be used as a reference to study. Amongst the operators, we indicate between moderate and excellent reliability. The highest reliability was with measurement mandibular pitch. Lowest reliability was with measurement mandibular roll

International Law & International Order

It is just a quarter-century since I first came to Syracuse University to teach at the Maxwell School. Sobered by the discovery that elections can be lost as well as won, I settled down and promptly finished my doctoral dissertation in the field of international law and organization. In time, along with Harlan Cleveland, then Dean at Maxwell, I left to join the Kennedy Administration. He became Assistant Secretary of State for International Affairs and, generous as always, he saw to it that I had a small hand in such matters, beginning an involvement that has been more or less continuous since that time, and concerning which I would like to share some thoughts today

Henri Temianka Correspondence; (moynihan)

https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/temianka_correspondence/2515/thumbnail.jp

Technology and Human Freedom

Technology has extended the possibilities of choice and thus enhanced human freedom. A weakening technology in America now threatens the condition of freedom and social progress. Page 59