The Unlawfulness Of The Use Or Threat Of Use Of Nuclear Weapons

Our current policy is nuclear deterrence, whereby we threaten the use of nuclear weapons against any adversary who uses nuclear, chemical, biological, or even massive conventional weapons against us

Is Structural Differentiation in Localities a Single or Multidimensional Phenomenon? Alternative Measures and Relation to Population

Several measures of structural differentiation for various institutionalized areas of county development are compared. Evidence regarding the hypotheses that differentiation is a system-wide, unidimensional phenomenon and that it is related to population are investigated. Scalable dimensions are found to exist among county administrative characteristics, medical special ties, commercial services, and educational institutions. Guttman scales formed from the complexity of such development are often used along with population size as operational measures of locality differentiation. The four scales and population size are analyzed together using the Guttman-Lingoes Multiple Scalogram Analysis for three different points in time. It is concluded that the alternative measures of differentiation cannot be used interchangeably as equal or nearly equal measures of the concept. Population size and the differentiation of comnercial services, however, are close parallels. Their reliability as correlates of differentiation is consistent for three different points in time as indicated by the Guttman-Lingoes Multiple Scalogram Analysis. Theoretical implications are that differentiation cannot be viewed as a single phenomenon. Future research should consider separately different levels of development and rates of change depending on the type of differentiation considered. This will make the task for explanatory theory more complicated than it would have been had all measures of structural complexity proven to be tautologically related

Vocabulary sophistication in first-year composition assignments

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from John Benjamins Publishing via the DOI in this record.Recently-developed tools which quickly and reliably quantify vocabulary use on a range of measures open up new possibilities for understanding the construct of vocabulary sophistication. To take this work forward, we need to understand how these different measures relate to each other and to human readers' perceptions of texts. This study applied 356 quantitative measures of vocabulary use generated by an automated vocabulary analysis tool (Kyle & Crossley, 2014) to a large corpus of assignments written for First Year Composition courses at a university in the United States. Results suggest that the majority of measures can be reduced to a much smaller set without substantial loss of information. However, distinctions need to be retained between measures based on content vs. function words and on different measures of collocational strength. Overall, correlations with grades are reliable but weak

Cardiovascular Endurance Among College Students: How is it Related to Overall Fitness?

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Gender Differences in Health-Related Physical Fitness Among College Students

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Quantifying gross vs. net agricultural land use change in Great Britain using the Integrated Administration and Control System

Land use change has impacts upon many natural processes, and is one of the key measures of anthropogenic disturbance on ecosystems. Agricultural land covers 70% of Great Britain's (GB) land surface and annually undergoes disturbance and change through farming practices such as crop rotation, ploughing and the planting and subsequent logging of forestry. It is important to quantify how much of GB's agricultural land undergoes such changes and what those changes are at an annual temporal resolution. Integrated Administration and Control System (IACS) data give annual snapshots of agricultural land use at the field level, allowing for high resolution spatiotemporal land use change studies at the national scale. Crucially, not only do the data allow for simple net change studies (total area change of a land use, in a specific areal unit) but also for gross change calculations (summation of all changes to and from a land use), meaning that both gains and losses to and from each land use category can be defined. In this study we analysed IACS data for GB from 2005 to 2013, and quantified gross change for over 90% of the agricultural area in GB for the first time. It was found that gross change totalled 63,500 km2 in GB compared to 20,600 km2 of net change, i.e. the real year-on-year change is, on average, three times larger than net change. This detailed information on nature of land use change allows for increased accuracy in modelling the impact of land use change on ecosystem processes and is directly applicable across EU member states, where collection of such survey data is a requirement. The modelled carbon flux associated with gross land use change was at times >100 Gg C y−1 larger than that based on net land use change for some land use transitions

Changes in Health-Related Fitness of College Females During a One-Semester Activity Course

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