Farmakokinetika enrofloksacina u pataka s masnom degeneracijom jetre nakon prisilnog hranjenja

The pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin (EFC) was investigated in ducks fed with a normal diet, and in force-fed ducks, after a single intravenous (i.v.) and oral (p.o.) administration at doses of 10 mg/kg. Serum concentrations of EFC and ciprofloxacin (as metabolite of EFC) were determined by the HPLC method. The elimination half-lives of EFC after i.v. administration and compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis were 4.62 ± 0.62h and 6.39 ± 2.78 h in healthy and force-fed ducks, respectively. The values of total body clearance were 0.24 ± 0.03 L/h/kg in healthy and 0.18 ± 0.02 L/h/kg in force-fed ducks. The values of the volume of distribution (Vss) were 1.32 ± 0.18 L/kg and 1.31 ± 0.21 L/kg, respectively. After oral administration, maximum serum concentrations were 1.95 ± 0.36 µg/mL reached at 3.67 ± 4.26 h, and 4.25 ± 1.21 µg/mL at 1.25 ± 0.88 h, respectively. The serum concentrations of ciprofloxacin were significantly lower in the force-fed ducks. Longer enrofloxacin residence in force-fed ducks can be expected if compared to normally fed animals.Farmakokinetika enrofloksacina (EFC) primijenjenog intravenski i oralno u dozi od 10 mg/kg istražena je u normalno i prisilno hranjenih pataka. Serumske koncentracije EFC i ciprofloksacina (kao metabolita EFC) bile su određene visokotlačnom tekućinskom kromatografijom. Poluvrijeme izlučivanja EFC nakon i.v. primjene i farmakokinetičke analize po odjeljcima iznosilo je 4,62 ± 0,62 h u zdravih, a 6,39 ± 2,78 h u prisilno hranjenih. Vrijednosti ukupnog klirensa lijeka iz organizma bile su 0,24 ± 0,03 L/h/kg u zdravih i 0,18 ± 0,02 L/h/kg u prisilno hranjenih (šopanih). Vrijednosti volumena raspodjele (Vss) bile su 1,32 ± 0,18 L/kg i1,31 ± 0,21 L/kg. Najveće serumske koncentracije nakon oralne primjene bile su dosegnute nakon 3,67 ± 4,26 h, a iznosile su 1,95 ± 0,36 µg/mL, dok su nakon intravenske primjene bile dosegnute nakon 1,25 ± 0,88 h, a iznosile su 4,25 ± 1,21 µg/mL. Serumske koncentracije ciprofloksacina bile su značajno niže u prisilno hranjenih pataka. Duže zadržavanje enrofloksacina može se očekivati u prisilno hranjenih pataka u odnosu na one normalno hranjen

Study of gas-liquid mixing in stirred vessel using electrical resistance tomography

This study presents a full operation and optimisation of a mixing unit; an innovative approach is developed to address the behaviour of gas-liquid mixing by using Electrical Resistance Tomography (ERT). The validity of the method is investigated by developing the tomographic images using different numbers of baffles in a mixing unit. This technique provided clear visual evidence of better mixing that took place inside the gasliquid system and the effect of a different number of baffles on mixing characteristics. For optimum gas flow rate (m3/s) and power input (kW), the oxygen absorption rate in water was measured. Dynamic gassingout method was applied for five different gas flow rates and four different power inputs to find out mass transfer coefficient (KLa). The rest of the experiments with one up to four baffles were carried out at these optimum values of power input (2.0 kW) and gas flow rate (8.5×10-4 m3/s). The experimental results and tomography visualisations showed that the gasliquid mixing with standard baffling provided near the optimal process performance and good mechanical stability, as higher mass transfer rates were obtained using a greater number of baffles. The addition of single baffle had a striking effect on mixing efficiency and additions of further baffles significantly decrease mixing time. The energy required for complete mixing was remarkably reduced in the case of four baffles as compared to without any baffle. The process economics study showed that the increased cost of baffles installation accounts for less cost of energy input for agitation. The process economics have also revealed that the optimum numbers of baffles are four in the present mixing unit and the use of an optimum number of baffles reduced the energy input cost by 54%

Farmakokinetika enrofloksacina u pataka s masnom degeneracijom jetre nakon prisilnog hranjenja

The pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin (EFC) was investigated in ducks fed with a normal diet, and in force-fed ducks, after a single intravenous (i.v.) and oral (p.o.) administration at doses of 10 mg/kg. Serum concentrations of EFC and ciprofloxacin (as metabolite of EFC) were determined by the HPLC method. The elimination half-lives of EFC after i.v. administration and compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis were 4.62 ± 0.62h and 6.39 ± 2.78 h in healthy and force-fed ducks, respectively. The values of total body clearance were 0.24 ± 0.03 L/h/kg in healthy and 0.18 ± 0.02 L/h/kg in force-fed ducks. The values of the volume of distribution (Vss) were 1.32 ± 0.18 L/kg and 1.31 ± 0.21 L/kg, respectively. After oral administration, maximum serum concentrations were 1.95 ± 0.36 µg/mL reached at 3.67 ± 4.26 h, and 4.25 ± 1.21 µg/mL at 1.25 ± 0.88 h, respectively. The serum concentrations of ciprofloxacin were significantly lower in the force-fed ducks. Longer enrofloxacin residence in force-fed ducks can be expected if compared to normally fed animals.Farmakokinetika enrofloksacina (EFC) primijenjenog intravenski i oralno u dozi od 10 mg/kg istražena je u normalno i prisilno hranjenih pataka. Serumske koncentracije EFC i ciprofloksacina (kao metabolita EFC) bile su određene visokotlačnom tekućinskom kromatografijom. Poluvrijeme izlučivanja EFC nakon i.v. primjene i farmakokinetičke analize po odjeljcima iznosilo je 4,62 ± 0,62 h u zdravih, a 6,39 ± 2,78 h u prisilno hranjenih. Vrijednosti ukupnog klirensa lijeka iz organizma bile su 0,24 ± 0,03 L/h/kg u zdravih i 0,18 ± 0,02 L/h/kg u prisilno hranjenih (šopanih). Vrijednosti volumena raspodjele (Vss) bile su 1,32 ± 0,18 L/kg i1,31 ± 0,21 L/kg. Najveće serumske koncentracije nakon oralne primjene bile su dosegnute nakon 3,67 ± 4,26 h, a iznosile su 1,95 ± 0,36 µg/mL, dok su nakon intravenske primjene bile dosegnute nakon 1,25 ± 0,88 h, a iznosile su 4,25 ± 1,21 µg/mL. Serumske koncentracije ciprofloksacina bile su značajno niže u prisilno hranjenih pataka. Duže zadržavanje enrofloksacina može se očekivati u prisilno hranjenih pataka u odnosu na one normalno hranjen