Mise en évidence d’une variation intra spécifique chez Botrytis cinerea et lutte biologique in vitro par l’extrait de compost

Objectifs : Le présent travail oeuvre pour la mise en évidence de la variation intra spécifique chez Botrytis cinerea et de l’effet d’un extrait d’un compost de déchets urbains solides sur deux stades du cycle de vie de ce pathogène. Methodologie et Résultats : Des feuilles de tomate ont été inoculées par 22 souches de B. cinerea pour sélectionner les plus virulentes. Celles-ci sont repiquées dans des boîtes contenant des milieux à base d’extrait de compost pour évaluer la croissance et la sporulation. Les souches de B. cinerea isolées à partir des plantes de tomate se sont révélé les plus virulentes. La croissance et la sporulation des 5 souches sélectionnées ont été inhibées par les milieux à base d’extraits jusqu’à 95,24% et 100% respectivement. Conclusion et application de la recherche : L’étude du pouvoir pathogène de B. cinerea a montré l’existence d’une variation intra spécifique et l’efficacité des extraits de compost stérilisés sur B. cinerea in vitro prouve que des composés chimiques sont mis en jeu et suggère la possibilité d’utilisation de ces extraits et du compost in vivo sur la pourriture grise de la tomate. Mots clés : B. cinerea, variation intra spécifique, extrait de compost, croissance, sporulation

Biological Control of Tomato Grey Mould with Compost Water Extracts, Trichoderma sp., and Gliocladium sp.

Compost water extracts prepared from animal sources (horse, sheep, and cattle) and a plant source (olive) were tested for their control of leaf grey mould on tomato. Disease was reduced by 27–66% and by 41–70% by extracts after 7 days and 15 days of fermentation respectively. No effect was noted with extracts after only 10 hours of fermentation. Conidial suspensions of Trichoderma harzianum, of Gliocladium sp. and compost extracts derived from horses achieved similar and significant (

In vivo effect of some fungicides on the development of Pyricularia grisea and Helminthosporium oryzae

The effect of various fungicide treatments of seeds and leaves of rice on the development of the pathogenic fungi Pyricularia grisea and Helminthosporium oryzae was studied. When applied to seeds, tricyclazole, mancozeb and the carboxin+thiram combination were the only fungicides that reduced all the symptoms induced by both pathogens without damaging the development of young plants. Tricyclazole and the tricyclazole+mancozeb protected rice plants against P. grisea and H. oryzae respectively throughout the vegetative phase. To ensure protection during the entire vegetative phase, pyrazophos should be applied every two weeks while the carboxin+thiram combination, thiabendazole and mancozeb should be applied every week

Pathogenicity of Helminthosporium rostrata on rice varieties widely grown in Morocco

The plants of rice varieties (Arco, Thaibonnet and Elio) were inoculated with three isolates of Helminthosporium rostrata (HR1 HR2 and HR3), isolated for the first time in Morocco from the rice seed of Taibonnet variety at the end of the growing season. The results obtained showed that all the isolates are able to induce the disease on rice plants and sporulate on the foliar lesions. HR1, HR2 and HR3 was respectively the most pathogenic on Elio (I.C = 113), Arco (I.C = 212.5), and Taibonnet (130.48). The symptoms induced by the isolates are similar to those induced by Helminthosporium sativum on rice

Quantitative and qualitative estimation of Moroccan Trichoderma isolates capacity to solubilize rock phosphate

Thirty Trichoderma isolates isolated from compost, various crops and soil with roots of adjacent sites to the phosphate mines of Morocco, were tested in vitro for their potential to solubilize phosphorus from phosphate rock. The qualitative assessment of phosphate solubilization by Trichoderma isolates was performed on Modified Pikovskaya Agar (MPA) solid medium. The visual observation of the 3- and 6-day-old cultures did not show any clear zone around the colony. However, all the isolates were able to grow on the culture medium 3 days after incubation, the maximum recorded diameter was 58.6 mm for isolate TR-B 98 (3) and the minimum value was 34.8 mm for isolate TS-EM-98 (2). After 6 days, they showed good radial growth that exceeded 79.8 mm with variable appearance of the mycelial density such as the isolates TS-B 98, TS-EM-98 (1) and TR-CB 2000 (1) that presented, respectively, high, regular and low mycelial density. Also, the Trichoderma isolates produced variable number of conidia on MPA medium. Quantitative estimation on the Modified Pikovskaya Broth (MPB) liquid medium showed a variable potential of the Trichoderma isolates to solubilize phosphate when the amount of soluble phosphorus remained low in the liquid medium without the fungus (0.26 mgL−1). The maximum concentration of soluble phosphorus was 11.92 mgL−1 with percentage of soluble phosphorus equal to 95.39% recorded by the isolate TR-TB 2000 after 9 days of incubation, followed by the isolates TR-B 98 (3), TS-B 98 and TR-EM 2 respectively, 11.20, 10.47 and 9.61 mgL−1 and 89.6, 83.76 and 76.38%. In addition, treatments with Trichoderma isolates provided a lower final broth pH which varied between 6.81 for TOL isolate and 3.40 for TS-B-2000 (2) compared to initial pH (7.2). The isolates that proved potent for phosphate solubilization displayed the highest fresh and dry weights such as TR-TB 2000 (FW = 4.11 g and DW = 2.56 g), while the lowest fresh and dry weight were noted in the weakest isolates for phosphate solubilization such as T27 (FW = 1.025 g and DW = 0.58 g). The high solubilization potential of Trichoderma isolates can be exploited for the solubilization of fixed phosphorus present in the soil, thus improving soil fertility and plant growth

Quercetin-induced miR-200b-3p regulates the mode of self-renewing divisions in pancreatic cancer

Background: Cancer stem cells are suggested to contribute to the extremely poor prognosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and dysregulation of symmetric and asymmetric stem cell division may be involved. Anticancer benefits of phytochemicals like the polyphenol quercetin, present in many fruits, nuts and vegetables, could be expedited by microRNAs, which orchestrate cell-fate decisions and tissue homeostasis. The mechanisms regulating the division mode of cancer stem cells in relation to phytochemical-induced microRNAs are poorly understood. Methods: Patient-derived pancreas tissue and 3 established pancreatic cancer cell lines were examined by immunofluorescence and time-lapse microscopy, microRNA microarray analysis, bioinformatics and computational analysis, qRT-PCR, Western blot analysis, self-renewal and differentiation assays. Results: We show that symmetric and asymmetric division occurred in patient tissues and in vitro, whereas symmetric divisions were more extensive. By microarray analysis, bioinformatics prediction and qRT-PCR, we identified and validated quercetin-induced microRNAs involved in Notch signaling/cell-fate determination. Further computational analysis distinguished miR-200b-3p as strong candidate for cell-fate determinant. Mechanistically, miR-200b-3p switched symmetric to asymmetric cell division by reversing the Notch/Numb ratio, inhibition of the self-renewal and activation of the potential to differentiate to adipocytes, osteocytes and chondrocytes. Low miR-200b-3p levels fostered Notch signaling and promoted daughter cells to become symmetric while high miR-200b-3p levels lessened Notch signaling and promoted daughter cells to become asymmetric. Conclusions: Our findings provide a better understanding of the cross talk between phytochemicals, microRNAs and Notch signaling in the regulation of self-renewing cancer stem cell divisions