Nomenclature for alleles of the thiopurine methyltransferase gene

The drug-metabolizing enzyme thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) has become one of the best examples of pharmacogenomics to be translated into routine clinical practice. TPMT metabolizes the thiopurines 6-mercaptopurine, 6-thioguanine, and azathioprine, drugs that are widely used for treatment of acute leukemias, inflammatory bowel diseases, and other disorders of immune regulation. Since the discovery of genetic polymorphisms in the TPMT gene, many sequence variants that cause a decreased enzyme activity have been identified and characterized. Increasingly, to optimize dose, pretreatment determination of TPMT status before commencing thiopurine therapy is now routine in many countries. Novel TPMT sequence variants are currently numbered sequentially using PubMed as a source of information; however, this has caused some problems as exemplified by two instances in which authors' articles appeared on PubMed at the same time, resulting in the same allele numbers given to different polymorphisms. Hence, there is an urgent need to establish an order and consensus to the numbering of known and novel TPMT sequence variants. To address this problem, a TPMT nomenclature committee was formed in 2010, to define the nomenclature and numbering of novel variants for the TPMT gene. A website (http://www.imh.liu.se/tpmtalleles) serves as a platform for this work. Researchers are encouraged to submit novel TPMT alleles to the committee for designation and reservation of unique allele numbers. The committee has decided to renumber two alleles: nucleotide position 106 (G>A) from TPMT*24 to TPMT*30 and position 611 (T>C, rs79901429) from TPMT*28 to TPMT*31. Nomenclature for all other known alleles remains unchanged

Drug metabolizing enzyme activities versus genetic variances for drug of clinical pharmacogenomic relevance

Enzymes are critically important in the transportation, metabolism, and clearance of most therapeutic drugs used in clinical practice today. Many of these enzymes have significant genetic polymorphisms that affect the enzyme's rate kinetics. Regarding drug metabolism, specific polymorphisms to the cytochrome (CYP) P450 enzyme family are linked to phenotypes that describe reaction rates as "ultra", "intermediate", and "poor," as referenced to "extensive" metabolizers that are assigned to wildtype individuals. Activity scores is an alternate designation that provides more genotype-to-phenotype resolution. Understanding the relative change in enzyme activities or rate of clearance of specific drugs relative to an individual's genotypes is an important component in the interpretation of pharmacogenomic data for personalized medicine. Currently, the most relevant drug metabolizing enzymes are CYP 2D6, CYP 2C9, CYP 2C19, thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT). Each of these enzymes is reactive to a host of different drug substrates. Pharmacogenomic tests that are in routine clinical practice include CYP 2C19 for clopidogrel, TPMT for thiopurine drugs, and UDP-1A1 for irinotecan. Other tests where there is considerable data but have not been widely implemented includes CYP 2C9 for warfarin, CYP 2D6 for tamoxifen and codeine, and CYP 2C19 for the proton pump inhibitors

Un monument de la passion conjugale : Le Tombeau d'Henri Chabot, Duc de Rohan (1656-1660) par François Anguier

de la Moureyre Françoise. Un monument de la passion conjugale : Le Tombeau d'Henri Chabot, Duc de Rohan (1656-1660) par François Anguier. In: Versalia. Revue de la Société des Amis de Versailles, n°8, 2005. pp. 134-153

Pierre-Yves Le Pogam, La sculpture à la lettre. Promenade épigraphique au département des sculptures du musée du Louvr

La Moureyre Françoise de. Pierre-Yves Le Pogam, La sculpture à la lettre. Promenade épigraphique au département des sculptures du musée du Louvr. In: Bulletin Monumental, tome 168, n°4, année 2010. p. 401

Marion Boudon-Machuel, (éd.), La sculpture française du XVIe siècle. Études et recherches, 2011

La Moureyre Françoise de. Marion Boudon-Machuel, (éd.), La sculpture française du XVIe siècle. Études et recherches, 2011. In: Bulletin Monumental, tome 171, n°1, année 2013. pp. 83-84

L’histoire du « Louis XIII » sculpté par Bertelot pour le château de Richelieu

La Moureyre Françoise de. L’histoire du « Louis XIII » sculpté par Bertelot pour le château de Richelieu. In: Bulletin Monumental, tome 168, n°4, année 2010. pp. 383-384

Réflexions sur le style des statues aux façades du château de Versailles

One hundred and fifty-six statues stand on the façades of the palace and around the Royal Chapel. They constitute four groups, belonging to four different periods, and showing different ways of carving according to the period they were created, and also depending on the degree of freedom given to each sculptor. For the statues on the Central Building (1670–72), the Petite Academie and Charles Perrault certainly dictated the subjects, but left the artists with a great liberty in their interpretation. The statues on the Marble Courtyard and the South Wing, 1678–82, are definitely classical and their iconography comes from sketches provided by Charles Le Brun. From 1684, sculptors were under the direction of Pierre Mignard — the statues on the North Wing, 1687–88, which are of a lighter character, show his influence. The statues on the Royal Chapel, 1707–09, created under the direction of Robert de Cotte, were carved with great artistic liberty, in a manner sometimes more rococo, sometimes more baroque

Pierre-Yves Le Pogam, La sculpture à la lettre. Promenade épigraphique au département des sculptures du musée du Louvr

La Moureyre Françoise de. Pierre-Yves Le Pogam, La sculpture à la lettre. Promenade épigraphique au département des sculptures du musée du Louvr. In: Bulletin Monumental, tome 168, n°4, année 2010. p. 401