Comparative anatomy of the roots in development of nine epiphytes monocots from Brazilian Atlantic Forest/ Anatomia comparada das raízes em desenvolvimento de nove monocotiledôneas epífitas da Mata Atlântica Brasileira

This study describes and compares root anatomical adaptations in nine monocots: Orchidaceae (Brasiliorchis chrysantha, Gomesa flexuosa, Isochilus linearis, Leptotes bicolor and Trichocentrum pumilum), Bromeliaceae (Aechmea distichantha, Billbergia nutans and Vriesea flava) and Araceae (Philodendron propinquum) epiphytes in Parana state, Brazil. Orchidaceae and Bromeliaceae have velamen radicum. Evident exodermis and endodermis in all species, cortex in the Bromeliaceae divided in three parenchyma. The immature and mature regions of the roots are different between species. Anatomical characteristics of roots related to epiphytism, such as velamen, tilosome, thick exodermis and endodermis, tracheoid idioblasts, idioblasts with raphides and aerenchyma are presents. In species that grow in the sunniest strata, it was observed that the deposition of lignin in the cell wall of the exoderm and endoderm in "O" already occurs just above the differentiated region from the primary meristems. The number of strata of the velamen was higher in these species, reaffirming that the environmental pressure throughout the evolutionary process selected genotypes that are more resistant to conditions with less water availability

Endoglucanase production by endophytic fungi isolated from Vitis labrusca L. with peanut hull and sawdust as substrates

Endoglucanases are enzymes widely employed in different industrial fields, albeit with high production costs. Studies on new microbial sources and low-cost substrates are highly relevant, including those on agro-industrial. Current analysis evaluates peanut hull (PH) and sawdust (SD) as substrates for submerged cultures of 14 endophytic fungi isolated from grapevine (Vitis labrusca L.) cultivars Bordô and Concord. Endophytes were grown on a carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) medium and the cup plate assay showed that eight strains (belonging to genera Cochliobolus, Diaporthe, Fusarium and Phoma) had positive results: enzymatic halos ranged from 10.8±0.02 to 15.5±0.07 mm in diameter. Diaporthe sp. strains (GenBank accession codes KM362392, KM362368 and KM362378) and Fusarium culmorum KM362384 were highlighted as the most promising sources. Further, PH and SD as substrates for the fermentation of these fungi were evaluated by the cup plate assay and endoglucanase activity assay. Highest halo diameters were obtained for Diaporthe sp. KM362392: 16.1±0.01 mm (CMC), 14.5±0.01 mm (PH) and 14.7±0.03 mm (SD). The fungus also presented the highest levels of endoglucanase activity: analysis of variance revealed that CMC (3.52±0.98 μmol/min), PH (2.93±0.23 μmol/min) and SD (3.26±0.38 μmol/min) were similarly efficient as substrates. Results deepen knowledge on V. labrusca endophytes that may be endoglucanase sources, even though further optimizations in submerged cultures with PH and SD should be undertaken to increase the enzymatic production from these wastes

Fruit ontogenesis in Clusia parviflora Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. (Clusiaceae) Ontogênese do fruto de Clusia parviflora Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. (Clusiaceae)

Aspects of the morpho-anatomy of developing fruits and seeds of Clusia parviflora are presented and discussed as a continuation of the study of these organs in Clusiaceae. The fruit is a septifrage capsule; the suberized exocarp is derived from the external epidermis of the ovary. The mesocarp originates from the ovarian mesophyll and remains parenchymal in nature. The endocarp is derived from the internal epidermis of the ovary and the endocarp is derived from the inner ovary epidermis as well as from three to four adjacent subepidermal layers, with tangentially elongated cells which become lignified and contribute to fruit dehiscence. The ovules are anatropous, bitegmic, with an endothelium, and give rise to equally anatropous seeds. The exotesta has cells containing phenolic compounds. The exotegmen consists entirely of sclerids with anticlinal and undulating cell walls, while the rest of the tegmen collapses during maturation. The embryo is slightly curved and the hypocotyl-radicle axis is well developed, with two very small cotyledons. There seems to be uniformity in the genus Clusia as regards the final number of layers in the mature seed coat, being evident the continuous lignified exotegmen and the hypocotylar embryo. It should be pointed out that the number of layers in the ovule integument can be used for diagnosis at the species levelAspectos morfo-anatômicos dos frutos e sementes em desenvolvimento de Clusia parviflora são apresentados e discutidos, visando dar continuidade aos estudos com estes órgãos em Clusiaceae. O fruto é cápsula septífraga; o exocarpo suberificado deriva da epiderme externa do ovário. O mesocarpo, originado do mesofilo ovariano, permanece parenquimático. O endocarpo é derivado da epiderme interna do ovário e de três a quatro camadas subepidérmicas, cujas células tangencialmente alongadas tornam-se lignificadas, contribuindo para a deiscência do fruto. Os óvulos são anátropos, bitegumentados, com endotélio, e originam sementes também anátropas, bitegumentadas e exalbuminosas. A exotesta apresenta células de conteúdo fenólico. O exotégmen consta inteiramente de esclereídes com paredes anticlinais onduladas. O restante do tégmen torna-se colapsado. O embrião é levemente curvado e apresenta um eixo hipocótilo-radicular cilíndrico e muito desenvolvido, com dois cotilédones muito pequenos. Parece haver uniformidade em Clusiacom relação ao número de camadas no tegumento seminal maduro, mas o número de camadas no tegumento ovulífero pode ser um caráter diagnóstico em nível específico

Morfologia de plântulas e estádios juvenis de espécies invasoras

The morphology of 20 species of weeds that occur in the most common crops in Maringá, Paraná State, Brazil and adjacent regions were described at early developmental stages, in order to identify the species in the field and provide information for taxonomic and ecological works. Sixteen species featured epigeal-foliaceous seedlings. The seedling in Cardiospenuum halicacabum is epigeal-fleshy; in Cenchrus echinatus and Digitaria horizontalis it is hypogeal and in Commelina virginica is epigeal-cryptocotyledonar. The differentiation of the first eophyll occurred within ten (Digitaria horizontalis) to 35 days (Bidens pilosa) and the first metaphyll appeared within 22 (Commelina virginica) to 49 days (Acanthospenuum australe). The number of eophylls varied from one to four, and the phyllotaxis varied from alternate to opposite

Morfoanatomia e ontogênese dos frutos e sementes de Clusia lanceolata Cambess. (Clusiaceae) = Morphology, anatomy and ontogeny of the fruits and seeds of Clusia lanceolata Cambess. (Clusiaceae)

Clusia lanceolata Cambess é espécie arbustiva da Mata Atlântica. Caracteriza-se por ser dioica, com flores estaminadas e pistiladas grandes, vistosas, de coloração rosa, apresentando a parte interna vinácea. Foram descritos aspectos morfológicos e estruturais dos frutos e sementes dessa espécie, visando classificar corretamente o seu tipo de fruto e, também, confirmar a origem do apêndice carnoso que envolve as sementes. O material botânico utilizado constou de flores em antese e frutos, em quatro estádios de desenvolvimento, coletados de dois espécimes. Os estudos morfológicos e anatômicos foram realizados segundo técnicas usuais. O fruto é cápsula septífraga, esférica, de coloração verde-avermelhado. O exocarpo é unisseriado; o mesocarpo parenquimático contém numerosos ductos secretores e feixes vasculares, de disposição principalmente longitudinal. O endocarpo é derivado da epiderme interna do ovário e de três a quatro camadas subepidérmicas, cujas células alongam-se tangencialmente e a parede que delimita o lóculo sofre lignificação. A abertura se faz pela sutura carpelar, por meio de uma faixa de células parenquimáticas de tamanho reduzido, que se bifurca em direção aos lóculos no meio dos septos. Os óvulos anátropos bitegumentados, com endotélio e hipóstase, originam sementes também anátropas, exotégmicas e envolvidas por arilo de origem funicular e exostomal. O embrião é hipocotilar.Clusia lanceolata Cambess. is a shrub species native to the Atlantic Forest. The plant is dioecious, with large, showy, pink staminate and pistillate flowers that are wine-colored internally. The morphological and structural aspects of the fruits and seeds of this species are described here in order to correctly classify the fruit type and to determine the origin of the fleshy appendage that surrounds the seeds. The botanical material utilized here contained flowers in anthesis and fruits in four stages of development, and were collected from two different plants. The morphological and anatomical studies were performed according to traditional techniques. The fruit is a septifrage, spherical capsule with a reddish-green coloration. The exocarp is uniseriate; the parenchymatous mesocarp contains numerous secretory ducts and vascular bundles arranged in predominantly longitudinal positions. The endocarp is derived from the internal epidermis of the ovary and has from three to four subepidermal layers whose component cells are tangentially elongated, and the cell walls lining the locule become lignified. The fruits open by means of the carpelar suture, along a stand of small parenchymous cells that bifurcate in the direction of the locules, in the midst of the septum. The anatropous bitegumentedovules, with an endothelium and hypostase, give rise to seeds that are likewise anatropous, exotegmic, and wrapped in an aril that has a funicular and exostomal origin. The embryo is hypocotylar

Morfoanatomia e ontogênese dos frutos e sementes de Clusia lanceolata Cambess. (Clusiaceae) - doi: 10.4025/actascibiolsci.v32i4.3567

Clusia lanceolata Cambess. is a shrub species native to the Atlantic Forest. The plant is dioecious, with large, showy, pink staminate and pistillate flowers that are wine-colored internally. The morphological and structural aspects of the fruits and seeds of this species are described here in order to correctly classify the fruit type and to determine the origin of the fleshy appendage that surrounds the seeds. The botanical material utilized here contained flowers in anthesis and fruits in four stages of development, and were collected from two different plants. The morphological and anatomical studies were performed according to traditional techniques. The fruit is a septifrage, spherical capsule with a reddish-green coloration. The exocarp is uniseriate; the parenchymatous mesocarp contains numerous secretory ducts and vascular bundles arranged in predominantly longitudinal positions. The endocarp is derived from the internal epidermis of the ovary and has from three to four subepidermal layers whose component cells are tangentially elongated, and the cell walls lining the locule become lignified. The fruits open by means of the carpelar suture, along a stand of small parenchymous cells that bifurcate in the direction of the locules, in the midst of the septum. The anatropous bi-tegumented ovules, with an endothelium and hypostase, give rise to seeds that are likewise anatropous, exotegmic, and wrapped in an aril that has a funicular and exostomal origin. The embryo is hypocotylar.Clusia lanceolata Cambess é espécie arbustiva da Mata Atlântica. Caracteriza-se por ser dioica, com flores estaminadas e pistiladas grandes, vistosas, de coloração rosa, apresentando a parte interna vinácea. Foram descritos aspectos morfológicos e estruturais dos frutos e sementes dessa espécie, visando classificar corretamente o seu tipo de fruto e, também, confirmar a origem do apêndice carnoso que envolve as sementes. O material botânico utilizado constou de flores em antese e frutos, em quatro estádios de desenvolvimento, coletados de dois espécimes. Os estudos morfológicos e anatômicos foram realizados segundo técnicas usuais. O fruto é cápsula septífraga, esférica, de coloração verde-avermelhado. O exocarpo é unisseriado; o mesocarpo parenquimático contém numerosos ductos secretores e feixes vasculares, de disposição principalmente longitudinal. O endocarpo é derivado da epiderme interna do ovário e de três a quatro camadas subepidérmicas, cujas células alongam-se tangencialmente e a parede que delimita o lóculo sofre lignificação. A abertura se faz pela sutura carpelar, por meio de uma faixa de células parenquimáticas de tamanho reduzido, que se bifurca em direção aos lóculos no meio dos septos. Os óvulos anátropos bitegumentados, com endotélio e hipóstase, originam sementes também anátropas, exotégmicas e envolvidas por arilo de origem funicular e exostomal. O embrião é hipocotilar