De l'image de Rome au sein de la littérature juridique arabo-islamique médiévale : le droit musulman entre ses origines profanes et sa configuration sacralisée

Called to translate jointly the abstract requirements of a Sunni orthodoxy which introduced itself as theagent of the monotheist Truth, the identical requirements of an Islamic Ûmma worried of joining within the monotheist evolution of the humanity and the claiming of a califale institution worried to strengthen its "precarious" legitimacy, the fiqh appears under the feather of the Muslim authors as an authentic and sacred pattern. So, considered as the support of the Ûmma, the Islamic law was not only going to give up its preislamic origins, and particularly those who would be due in Rome, set up as symbol of the monotheist wrongness; it was also going to escape the principles of the human reason and adapt the mythical reference of the thought who established it. By the analyzing of the Rome’s idea through the papers of the medieval fûqaha, this study tries to read the islamic law through its effective historicity and to understand the various factor and the circumstances which built it.Appelé à traduire conjointement les exigences conceptuelles d’une orthodoxie sunnite qui s’est désignée comme le dépositaire de la Vérité monothéiste, les exigences identitaires d’une Ûmma islamique soucieuse de s’inscrire au sein de l’évolution monothéiste de l’humanité et les revendications d’une institution califale préoccupée à consolider sa légitimité "précaire", le fiqh se présente sous la plume des auteurs musulmans comme un canevas idéel, authentique et sacralisé. Ainsi, considéré comme le support architecte d’al-Ûmma, le droit musulman n’allait pas seulement se détacher de de ses origines préislamique, et notamment celles qui seraient dues à une Rome érigée en symbole de l’égarement monothéiste, il allait également échapper aux principes, jugés faillibles, de la raison humaine et s’accommoder au référentiel mythologisé de la pensée qui l’a établi

Rock anisotropy promotes hydraulic fracture containment at depth

We report laboratory experiments and numerical simulations demonstrating that the anisotropic characteristics of rocks play a major role in the elongation of hydraulic fractures propagating in a plane perpendicular to bedding. Transverse anisotropy leads to larger hydraulic fracture extension in the parallel-to-bedding/divider direction compared to the perpendicular-to-bedding/arrester direction. This directly promotes vertical containment of hydraulic fractures in most sedimentary basins worldwide even in the absence of any favorable in-situ stress contrasts or other material heterogeneities. More importantly, the ratio of the energy dissipated in fluid viscous flow in the fracture to the energy dissipated in the creation of new surfaces is found to play a critical role on fracture elongation, with fracture-energy dominated hydraulic fractures being the most elongated while the viscous dominated ones remain more circular. These results open the door to a better engineering and control of hydraulic fractures containment at depth in view of the competition between material anisotropy and injection parameters (fluid viscosity and rate of injection)

A semi-infinite hydraulic fracture driven by a shear-thinning fluid

We use the Carreau rheological model which properly accounts for the shear-thinning behaviour between the low and high shear rate Newtonian limits to investigate the problem of a semi-infinite hydraulic fracture propagating at a constant velocity in an impermeable linearly elastic material. We show that the solution depends on four dimensionless parameters: a dimensionless toughness (function of the fracture velocity, confining stress, material and fluid parameters), a dimensionless transition shear stress (related to both fluid and material behaviour), the fluid shear-thinning index and the ratio between the high and low shear rate viscosities. We solve the complete problem numerically combining a Gauss–Chebyshev method for the discretization of the elasticity equation, the quasi-static fracture propagation condition and a finite difference scheme for the width-averaged lubrication flow. The solution exhibits a complex structure with up to four distinct asymptotic regions as one moves away from the fracture tip: a region governed by the classical linear elastic fracture mechanics behaviour near the tip, a high shear rate viscosity asymptotic and power-law asymptotic region in the intermediate field and a low shear rate viscosity asymptotic far away from the fracture tip. The occurrence and order of magnitude of the extent of these different viscous asymptotic regions are estimated analytically. Our results also quantify how shear thinning drastically reduces the size of the fluid lag compared to a Newtonian fluid. We also investigate simpler rheological models (power law, Ellis) and establish the small domain where they can properly reproduce the response obtained with the complete rheology

The tip region of a hydraulic fracture driven by a power law fluid

We investigate the tip region of a power law fluid driven fracture propagating at constant velocity V in an impermeable linear elastic medium with the presence of fluid lag of a priori unknown length. The fracture is loaded by the internal fluid pressure pf and by the far field confining stress. The power law fluid is characterized by a fluid index n and a consistency index M. Interest in the tip region is the key to know the correct structure of the solution and to recognize the strong coupling fluid-solid which is mainly shown in a small region near the tip. The scheme is organized as follows. First, we formulate the governing equations and derive a dimensionless form of these equations which only depends on the dimensionless toughness. The nonlinear system of equations is discretized using the Gauss-Chebyshev polynomials [2,3]. This technique uses trigonometric values for the abscissas and the colocation points as made when using the Gauss-Chebyshev for solving singular integral equations corresponding to finite fractures. We transform the coordinate in order to evaluate integrals in infinite integration interval. The numerical results will include the fracture opening w, the fluid pressure pf and the relationship between the fluid lag and the toughness. We show that the solution is not only consistent with the square root singularity of linear elastic fracture mechanics, but that its asymptotic behaviour in the far field is given by the solution of a semi-infinite hydraulic fracture constructed on the assumption of zero toughness solution [1]. The two asymptotes define the two limiting regimes : in the viscosity-dominated regime, the toughness of the solid is small enough that the solution can be approximated by the zero toughness solution; while in the toughness-dominated regime the fluid can be assumed to be inviscid. The intermediate part of the solution between the two asymptotes is obtained numerically

A semi-infinite hydraulic fracture driven by a shear-thinning fluid

We use the Carreau rheological model which properly accounts for the shear-thinning behaviour between the low and high shear rate Newtonian limits to investigate the problem of a semi-infinite hydraulic fracture propagating at a constant velocity in an impermeable linearly elastic material. We show that the solution depends on four dimensionless parameters: a dimensionless toughness (function of the fracture velocity, confining stress, material and fluid parameters), a dimensionless transition shear stress (related to both fluid and material behaviour), the fluid shear-thinning index and the ratio between the high and low shear rate viscosities. We solve the complete problem numerically combining a Gauss–Chebyshev method for the discretization of the elasticity equation, the quasi-static fracture propagation condition and a finite difference scheme for the width-averaged lubrication flow. The solution exhibits a complex structure with up to four distinct asymptotic regions as one moves away from the fracture tip: a region governed by the classical linear elastic fracture mechanics behaviour near the tip, a high shear rate viscosity asymptotic and power-law asymptotic region in the intermediate field and a low shear rate viscosity asymptotic far away from the fracture tip. The occurrence and order of magnitude of the extent of these different viscous asymptotic regions are estimated analytically. Our results also quantify how shear thinning drastically reduces the size of the fluid lag compared to a Newtonian fluid. We also investigate simpler rheological models (power law, Ellis) and establish the small domain where they can properly reproduce the response obtained with the complete rheology.</jats:p

Modelos matemáticos para la gestión óptima de sistemas transnacionales de gas en situaciones de crisis de suministro

Uno de los dos objetivos principales de la tesis es el diseño de un modelo matemático capaz de simular sistemas complejos de GN transnacionales en situaciones de crisis político-comerciales y en condiciones climáticas severas. El segundo objetivo es analizar la interdependencia de las redes acopladas de GN y electricidad, evaluando los efectos de los cortes de suministros de GN en la producción de electricidad de los países.Inicialmente se realizó un exhaustivo trabajo de revisión bibliográfica para detectar las principales líneas de investigación y trabajos asociados al análisis de la regulación existente, la seguridad energética, la gestión de las crisis energéticas y las técnicas de simulación utilizadas.El resultado de la revisión bibliográfica determinó que se utilizan diversas metodologías de simulación, aunque los modelos basados en las técnicas de Montecarlo son más frecuentes. Por otro lado, las técnicas de optimización son utilizadas para examinar las redes de GN desde un punto de vista económico y de optimización de costes. Así, se optó por la creación de un modelo matemático y una metodología de simulación de redes de gas complejas basadas en técnicas de optimización, debido sus mejores resultados para evaluar escenarios predefinidos que afecten a infraestructuras y suministros para generar una única solución optimizada. El modelo, se publicó en el artículo ¿Assessing the Impact of Investments in Cross-Border Pipelines on the Security of Gas Supply in the EU¿, y trata a cada uno de los países integrantes del sistema como un nodo con capacidad de interactuar con los países vecinos mediante los gasoductos, y con los proveedores externos mediante plantas de GNL y gasoductos de importación.La metodología se aplica al sistema de gas de EU-28 para diferentes escenarios de corte de suministro y condiciones climáticas severas. Los resultados obtenidos tanto para el año 2009 como el año 2017 generan soluciones óptimas de gestión de infraestructuras que maximizan la cobertura de gas en los diferentes escenarios, aunque evidencian vulnerabilidades en la cobertura de la demanda de algunos países y en la saturación de infraestructuras. También se evalúa la interdependencia de las redes acopladas de gas y electricidad, en situación de cooperación o no cooperación de los países del sistema, observándose una mínima influencia de los cortes de gas en la generación eléctrica, para los escenarios estudiados.Los resultados se presentaron en el artículo de congreso ¿Impact assessment of gas shortages on the European power system under extreme weather conditions¿.Adicionalmente, la metodología fue aplicada a diferentes escenarios para evaluar el efecto en la cobertura de la demanda. Inicialmente se evalúa el potencial de la energía hidroeléctrica de bombeo para mejorar la seguridad del sistema eléctrico europeo frente a la escasez de gas en condiciones climáticas y técnicas muy adversas, y los resultados se publicaron en el artículo de congreso ¿Hydro potential to enhance power system resilience under critical gas supply interruptions¿. Por otro lado, se evaluaron los efectos de la mejora en eficiencia energética planteados por Europa para 2030, cuyos resultados fueron presentados en el artículo de congreso ¿Assessment of the robustness of theEuropean gas system to massive gas outages and evaluation of the effect of increased energy efficiency on the security of gas coverage in the different countries?<br /

Study of the Hydroponic Barley Effect on the Performance of Feedlot of Calves in the Region Souss Massa (Southern Morocco)

The objective of this research is to investigate the effect of the introduction of hydroponic barley; produced as feed supplement in the ration, on the performance of feedlot calves. This study was performed in the Taroudant region (South of Morocco), during a trial period between July and October 2017). A total of 100 calves were used in a feeding trial, which were divided into two groups. The calves of the first group received a total mixed ration (control), while the calves of the second group received a similar ration with the addition of hydroponic barley.Similar growth performance is observed for the two groups, which is easily explained by the equivalent rationing. In the finishing phase, however, a higher average daily gain is observed for the group fed with an enriched diet in hydroponic green fodder. In fact, the average daily gain for this group amounts to 1.48 Kg/Day compared to 1.42 Kg/Day for the control group.The slaughter results confirm those noted in terms of growth performance, with a relatively similar carcass yield for the two groups.However, since hydroponic fodder reveals a positive impact especially at the level of the finishing phase, it seems judicious to introduce it in the key phases of fattening and finishing in order to perfect the weight gain of the species benefiting from this contribution.The test results suggest that hydroponic barley based rationing is to deepen, and that it would be desirable to repeat the experiment by testing different levels of hydroponic barley intake, adjusting both the type and the level of complementation, with a more accurate monitoring of feeding. Keywords: Feedlot calves; Growth, Hydroponic barley, Performance, DOI: 10.7176/JBAH/11-14-05 Publication date:July 31st 202

Design of an Intelligent Energy Management Prototype for an Electric Lighting Network on a Raspberry Pi Board

Efficient management of street lighting is crucial for cities seeking to reduce their energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. This paper proposes an innovative approach that dynamically adjusts the brightness of streetlights according to two key factors: traffic density and weather conditions. Traffic density is assessed in real time by an image processing system using the YOLOv8 algorithm, which identifies and counts vehicles captured by the cameras. At the same time, the level of cloud cover is measured by an LDR photosensor connected to a Raspberry Pi, which analyzes the ambient light intensity. These data are transmitted to the Raspberry Pi via the MQTT protocol, where a neural network model, trained beforehand, predicts the optimal operating cycle of the street lamps to adjust their brightness in real time. The results show that this method, combining machine vision, IoT and artificial intelligence, delivers significant energy savings without compromising user safety, offering a promising solution for modern cities

In vivo biodistribution of edelfosine-loaded lipid nanoparticles radiolabeled with Technetium-99 m: Comparison of administration routes in mice

Edelfosine (ET) is a potent antitumor agent but causes severe side effects that have limited its use in clinical practice. For this reason, nanoencapsulation in lipid nanoparticles (LNs) is advantageous as it protects from ET side-effects. Interestingly, previous studies showed the efficacy of LNs containing ET in various types of tumor. In this paper, biodistribution studies of nanoencapsulated ET, administered by three routes (oral, intravenous (IV) and intraperitoneal (IP)), were tested in order to select the optimal route of administration. To do this, ET-LNs were labeled with Technetium-99 m (99mTc) and administered by the oral, IV and IP route in mice. IV admin- istration of the radiolabeled LNs led to fast elimination from the blood circulation and increased accumulation in reticulo-endothelial (RES) organs, while their oral administration could not provide any evidence on their bio- distribution since large radiocomplexes were formed in the presence of gastrointestinal fluids. However, when the LNs were administered by the IP route they could access the systemic circulation and provided more constant blood ET-LN levels compared to the IV route. These findings suggest that the IP route can be used to sustain the level of drug in the blood and avoid accumulation in RES organs

Unraveling the extracellular matrix-tumor cell interactions to aid better targeted therapies for neuroblastoma

Treatment in children with high-risk neuroblastoma remains largely unsuccessful due to the development of metastases and drug resistance. The biological complexity of these tumors and their microenvironment represent one of the many challenges to face. Matrix glycoproteins such as vitronectin act as bridge elements between extracellular matrix and tumor cells and can promote tumor cell spreading. In this study, we established through a clinical cohort and preclinical models that the interaction of vitronectin and its ligands, such as αv integrins, are related to the stiffness of the extracellular matrix in high-risk neuroblastoma. These marked alterations found in the matrix led us to specifically target tumor cells within these altered matrices by employing nanomedicine and combination therapy. Loading the conventional cytotoxic drug etoposide into nanoparticles significantly increased its efficacy in neuroblastoma cells. We noted high synergy between etoposide and cilengitide, a high-affinity cyclic pentapeptide αv integrin antagonist. The results of this study highlight the need to characterize cell-extracellular matrix interactions, to improve patient care in high-risk neuroblastoma