36 research outputs found
The Role of the Cerebellum in Schizophrenia: an Update of Clinical, Cognitive, and Functional Evidences
The role of the cerebellum in schizophrenia has been highlighted by Andreasen's hypothesis of âcognitive dysmetria,â which suggests a general dyscoordination of sensorimotor and mental processes. Studies in schizophrenic patients have brought observations supporting a cerebellar impairment: high prevalence of neurological soft signs, dyscoordination, abnormal posture and propioception, impaired eyeblink conditioning, impaired adaptation of the vestibular-ocular reflex or procedural learning tests, and lastly functional neuroimaging studies correlating poor cognitive performances with abnormal cerebellar activations. Despite those compelling evidences, there has been, to our knowledge, no recent review on the clinical, cognitive, and functional literature supporting the role of the cerebellum in schizophrenia. We conducted a Medline research focusing on cerebellar dysfunctions in schizophrenia. Emphasis was given to recent literature (after 1998). The picture arising from this review is heterogeneous. While in some domains, the role of the cerebellum seems clearly defined (ie, neurological soft signs, posture, or equilibrium), in other domains, the cerebellar contribution to schizophrenia seems limited or indirect (ie, cognition) if present at all (ie, affectivity). Functional models of the cerebellum are proposed as a background for interpreting these results
Cortical functioning in children with developmental coordination disorder:a motor overflow study
This study examined brain activation in children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) to reveal areas that may contribute to poor movement execution and/or abundant motor overflow. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, 13 boys with DCD (mean age = 9.6 years ±0.8) and 13 typically developing controls (mean age = 9.3 years ±0.6) were scanned performing two tasks (finger sequencing and hand clenching) with their dominant hand, while a four-finger motion sensor recorded contralateral motor overflow on their non-dominant hand. Despite displaying increased motor overflow on both functional tasks during scanning, there were no obvious activation deficits in the DCD group to explain the abundant motor overflow seen. However, children with DCD were found to display decreased activation in the left superior frontal gyrus on the finger-sequencing task, an area which plays an integral role in executive and spatially oriented processing. Decreased activation was also seen in the left inferior frontal gyrus, an area typically active during the observation and imitation of hand movements. Finally, increased activation in the right postcentral gyrus was seen in children with DCD, which may reflect increased reliance on somatosensory information during the execution of complex fine motor tasks
Effet sur le systÚme dopaminergique de la privation de sommeil (son rÎle dans l'effet antidépresseur)
De nombreux auteurs ont mis en Ă©vidence un effet positif sur l'humeur de la privation de sommeil, parfois spectaculaire, avec rechute suivant une nuit de sommeil rĂ©parateur. Au-delĂ d'un intĂ©rĂȘt clinique, l'agrypnie reprĂ©sente ainsi pour de nombreuses Ă©quipes un modĂšle d'Ă©tude des mĂ©canismes biologiques en cause dans la dĂ©pression et la guĂ©rison suivant un Ă©pisode dĂ©pressif. Cependant, ses mĂ©canismes propres restent Ă l'heure actuelle inconnus. DiffĂ©rentes hypothĂšses, basĂ©es sur les modĂšles physiopathologiques de la dĂ©pression, et impliquant les monoamines mises en jeu dans les processus thymiques, ont ainsi pu ĂȘtre formulĂ©es. Ainsi, la thĂ©orie d'une implication de la dopamine dans les mĂ©canismes de l'amĂ©lioration rapide observĂ©e chez les sujets prĂ©sentant une dĂ©pression endogĂšne, Ă la duite de la privation de sommeil a Ă©tĂ© soulevĂ©e. Il existe en effet un faisceau d'arguments cliniques (action au cours de la maladie de Parkinson, effet psychiatrique sur des symptĂŽmes mĂ©diĂ©s par une hyperdopaminergie), et neurobiologiques (effets sur les monoamines et leurs mĂ©tabolites, l'occupation des rĂ©cepteurs cĂ©rĂ©braux), tant chez l'homme que chez l'animal. Ces modifications du systĂšme dopaminergique pourraient intervenir par le biais de mĂ©canismes prĂ© synaptiques ou post-synaptiques, sans que les rĂ©sultats des Ă©tudes permettent une vision univoque. Une hypothĂšse soulevĂ©e rĂ©cemment propose un parallĂšle avec l'effet des psychostimulants tels que les amphĂ©tamines. Cependant, la prĂ©pondĂ©rance d'un effet dopaminergique sur les modifications thymiques reste Ă dĂ©terminer, d'autres neurotransmetteurs et neuromodulateurs ayant pu ĂȘtre mis en cause dans l'effet sur l'humeur de l'agrypnie (sĂ©rotonine, noradrĂ©naline, adĂ©nosine), qui participent Ă©galement aux modĂšles actuels de dĂ©pression. Des systĂšmes de rĂ©gulation et des boucles de rĂ©trocontrĂŽle sous-tendent probablement ces diffĂ©rents mĂ©canismes biologiques. Une hyperdopaminergie pourrait intervenir dans l'effet de la privation de sommeil, en initiant la rĂ©ponse antidĂ©pressive, mais le maintien en serait attribuable Ă d'autres modifications biologiques.PARIS7-Xavier Bichat (751182101) / SudocPARIS-BIUM (751062103) / SudocSudocFranceF
Corrélats structuraux des anomalies neurologiques mineures dans la schizophrénie
La physiopathologie de la schizophrĂ©nie s oriente vers l hypothĂšse d une origine dĂ©veloppementale. Devant l hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© clinique, la stratĂ©gie d Ă©tude de la physiopathologie du trouble par le biais de celle d endophĂ©notypes permet de mieux comprendre le dĂ©terminisme. Parmi ces endophĂ©notypes, les signes neurologiques mineurs sont des anomalies subtiles retrouvĂ©es lors d un examen clinique dĂ©taillĂ© et spĂ©cifique. Nous avons choisi, Ă l aide d un outil d Ă©valuation standardisĂ© comprĂ©hensif et validĂ©, d en Ă©tudier les corrĂ©lats structuraux chez des patients lors du dĂ©but de leur maladie. Tout d abord, nous avons Ă©tudiĂ© les propriĂ©tĂ©s de stabilitĂ© temporelle des signes neurologiques au cours d une Ă©tude longitudinale. Nous avons ainsi pu montrer une amĂ©lioration des signes neurologiques mineurs en lien avec celle de la symptomatologie nĂ©gative sur une pĂ©riode de deux ans. Nous avons ensuite inclus des patients lors de leur premier Ă©pisode psychotique, dans une Ă©tude comportant la rĂ©alisation d un examen clinique et cognitif standardisĂ©, ainsi que la rĂ©alisation d Imagerie par RĂ©sonance MagnĂ©tique (IRM). Nous avons montrĂ© au cours d une analyse prĂ©liminaire une corrĂ©lation nĂ©gative entre le score de signes neurologiques en particulier d intĂ©gration sensorielle et le volume de substance grise du cervelet. L analyse de la totalitĂ© du groupe de sujets a permis de mettre en Ă©vidence une corrĂ©lation entre dysfonctions neurologiques et volume de substance au niveau des structures du circuit cortico-sous-cortico-cĂ©rĂ©belleux qui sous-tendrait les troubles schizophrĂ©niques. La prĂ©sence de signes neurologiques mineurs associĂ©s Ă ces anomalies pourrait ĂȘtre le reflet d un trouble de coordination des processus sensorimoteurs et psychiques, ou dysmĂ©trie cognitive , qui rĂ©sulterait d un dĂ©faut de maturation cĂ©rĂ©bralPARIS-BIUSJ-ThĂšses (751052125) / SudocPARIS-BIUSJ-Physique recherche (751052113) / SudocSudocFranceF
Response-locked component of error monitoring in psychopathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of error-related negativity/positivity
Prior findings reported that externalizing behaviors are closely related to disturbances in error monitoring. It has been suggested that these impairments are not applied to individuals with psychopathy. However, mixed results are reported in the field considering the etiological heterogeneity of the psychopathy construct. Most of the scales for the assessment of psychopathic traits use a modern conception of psychopathy. This conception suggests a pathological personality construct comprising factor conceptualization rather than a unitary construct. Deficits in error-related processing measures with event-related potential components are reported among individuals with psychopathy, but it is unclear whether these deficits are modulated by an interpersonal-affective or an impulsive-antisocial dimensio
Réponses évoquées du monitoring de l'erreur en psychopathie: Une revue systématique et une meta-analyse des composantes ERN et PE
International audienceBackground: Evidence suggests that individuals with psychopathy display difficulties to adapt their behavior in accordance with the demands of the environment and show altered performance monitoring. However, studies investigating electrophysiological markers of error monitoring (e.g., the error-related negativity (ERN) and the error-positivity (Pe)) in this population reported mixed results. To explain discrepancies observed between studies, we hypothesized that psychopathy dimensions influence electrophysiological outcomes and we predicted that individuals with impulsive-antisocial features would display abnormal ERN compared to individuals with interpersonal-affective features. Methods: Based on the PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies investigating ERN and Pe components in individuals with psychopathy compared to controls. A factorial analysis was undertaken to investigate the role of psychopathy dimensions on ERN. Results: Among the 206 retrieved studies, 15 were included in the meta- analysis. Individuals with psychopathy (n = 817) showed a reduced ERN (Cohen's d = 0.18) and Pe amplitude (d = -0.22) compared to control. The factorial analysis indicates a dissociation regarding the dimensional construct of psychopathy. The impulsive-antisocial dimension was linked to reduced ERN amplitude (d = 0.22) whereas the interpersonal-affective dimension was related to increased ERN amplitude compare to controls (d = -0.17). Conclusion: Individuals with psychopathy displayed abnormal ERN and Pe amplitudes following error commission. In addition, models reported that individuals with psychopathic traits relating more specifically to the interpersonal-affective dimension shows efficient error-monitoring systems and increased ERN component while those with marked impulsive-antisocial dimension displayed decreased ERN and altered performance monitoring
Réponses évoquées du monitoring de l'erreur en psychopathie: Une revue systématique et une meta-analyse des composantes ERN et PE
International audienceBackground: Evidence suggests that individuals with psychopathy display difficulties to adapt their behavior in accordance with the demands of the environment and show altered performance monitoring. However, studies investigating electrophysiological markers of error monitoring (e.g., the error-related negativity (ERN) and the error-positivity (Pe)) in this population reported mixed results. To explain discrepancies observed between studies, we hypothesized that psychopathy dimensions influence electrophysiological outcomes and we predicted that individuals with impulsive-antisocial features would display abnormal ERN compared to individuals with interpersonal-affective features. Methods: Based on the PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies investigating ERN and Pe components in individuals with psychopathy compared to controls. A factorial analysis was undertaken to investigate the role of psychopathy dimensions on ERN. Results: Among the 206 retrieved studies, 15 were included in the meta- analysis. Individuals with psychopathy (n = 817) showed a reduced ERN (Cohen's d = 0.18) and Pe amplitude (d = -0.22) compared to control. The factorial analysis indicates a dissociation regarding the dimensional construct of psychopathy. The impulsive-antisocial dimension was linked to reduced ERN amplitude (d = 0.22) whereas the interpersonal-affective dimension was related to increased ERN amplitude compare to controls (d = -0.17). Conclusion: Individuals with psychopathy displayed abnormal ERN and Pe amplitudes following error commission. In addition, models reported that individuals with psychopathic traits relating more specifically to the interpersonal-affective dimension shows efficient error-monitoring systems and increased ERN component while those with marked impulsive-antisocial dimension displayed decreased ERN and altered performance monitoring