Iranian Philosophy of Religion and the History of Political Thought

The subject of this dissertation is the relationship between Iranian philosophy of religion and the history of political thought. Major turning points in this history can be attributed to the ideas of the ancient Iranian poet, Zoroaster. He preached against raiding nomads who would steal animals for sacrificial purposes. His moral and ethical philosophy is known as Zoroastrianism.As the first monotheist philosophy, Zoroastrianism inspired a unique form of religious toleration. The ancient Zoroastrians opposed the political rivalries attributed to belligerent city-state gods. This played a vital role in the rise of the Persian Empire. During the height of the Empire, Zoroastrianism was the largest religion in the world. The belief in a single Creator also changed the idea of history itself. By rejecting the existence of conflicting spirits, some human beings no longer perceived themselves as the irrelevant victims of a cosmological struggle. Although Zoroastrianism endured a sharp and dramatic decline after the Muslim conquest of Iran, its legacy lives on. This legacy has been unjustly ignored by historians of political ideas. It played a major role in the development of numerous cultural philosophies, and it had more influence on the history of human religion than any other faith. In this study, I will argue that Zoroastrianism is relevant to virtually every philosophy of history. I will also demonstrate how the study of Zoroastrianism by European travelers and philosophers from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries influenced the history of German nationalism and helped set into motion the unfortunate events that culminated in the Aryan Supremacy movement. The rise of the Nazi party disgraced the Aryan identity and stigmatized many Oriental traditions, but the remnants of ancient Iranian culture are still admired by the Iranians of today. In the concluding section of this study, I will argue that Zoroastrianism still plays an important role in Iranian political affairs. While Zoroastrians are a recognized minority in Iran, all Iranians, including Muslims and Jews, celebrate Zoroastrian traditions and holidays. Since the establishment of the Islamic Republic of Iran these traditions have been used to defy the Islamic policies of the state

Hypermatrix Based on Krasner Hypervector Spaces

In this paper we extend a very specific class of hypervector spaces called Krasner hypervector spaces in order to obtain a hypermatrix. For reaching to this goal, we will define dependent and independent vectors in this kind of hypervector space and define basis and dimension for it. Also, by using multivalued linear transformations, we examine the possibility of existing a free object here. Finally, we study the fundamental relation on Krasner hypervector spaces and we define a functor

c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase 1 Is Required for Toll-Like Receptor 1 Gene Expression in Macrophages

P. 5027-5034The regulation of innate immune responses to pathogens occurs through the interaction of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) with pathogen-associated molecular patterns and the activation of several signaling pathways whose contribution to the overall innate immune response to pathogens is poorly understood. We demonstrate a mechanism of control of murine macrophage responses mediated by TLR1/2 heterodimers through c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1) activity. JNK controls tumor necrosis factor alpha production and TLR-mediated macrophage responses to Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, and the TLR1/TLR2-specific agonist PAM3CSK4. JNK1, but not JNK2, activity regulates the expression of the tlr1 gene in the macrophage cell line RAW264.7, as well as in primary CD11b cells. We also show that the proximal promoter region of the human tlr1 gene contains an AP-1 binding site that is subjected to regulation by the kinase and binds two complexes that involve the JNK substrates c-Jun, JunD, and ATF-2. These results demonstrate that JNK1 regulates the response to TLR1/2 ligands and suggest a positive feedback loop that may serve to increase the innate immune response to the spirocheteS

Hypermatrix Based on Krasner Hypervector Spaces

In this paper we extend a very specific class of hypervector spaces called Krasner hypervector spaces in order to obtain a hypermatrix. For reaching to this goal, we will define dependent and independent vectors in this kind of hypervector space and define basis and dimension for it. Also, by using multivalued linear transformations, we examine the possibility of existing a free object here. Finally, we study the fundamental relation on Krasner hypervector spaces and we define a functor

Mapping Sequence diagram in Fuzzy UML to Fuzzy Petri Net

This ability in fuzzy UML, practically leaves the customers and market’s need without response in this important and vital area. Here, the available sequence diagrams in fuzzy UML will map into fuzzy Petri net. However, the formal models ability will be added to the Semi-formal fuzzy UML. This formalization will add the automatic processing ability to the Semi-formal fuzzy UML. Further more, the other advantages of this mapping is: access to non-functional parameters such as reliability automatically to the considering systems, study the verification of the designed plan and also decrease the expenses because of satiety to make lab sample before its implementation. Using the fuzzy UML mapping into fuzzy Petri net in control, critical and real-time systems will be more applicable

c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase 1 Is Required for Toll-Like Receptor 1 Gene Expression in Macrophages▿

The regulation of innate immune responses to pathogens occurs through the interaction of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) with pathogen-associated molecular patterns and the activation of several signaling pathways whose contribution to the overall innate immune response to pathogens is poorly understood. We demonstrate a mechanism of control of murine macrophage responses mediated by TLR1/2 heterodimers through c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1) activity. JNK controls tumor necrosis factor alpha production and TLR-mediated macrophage responses to Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, and the TLR1/TLR2-specific agonist PAM3CSK4. JNK1, but not JNK2, activity regulates the expression of the tlr1 gene in the macrophage cell line RAW264.7, as well as in primary CD11b+ cells. We also show that the proximal promoter region of the human tlr1 gene contains an AP-1 binding site that is subjected to regulation by the kinase and binds two complexes that involve the JNK substrates c-Jun, JunD, and ATF-2. These results demonstrate that JNK1 regulates the response to TLR1/2 ligands and suggest a positive feedback loop that may serve to increase the innate immune response to the spirochete