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    Limitaci贸 del flux aeri durant l鈥檈xercici en atletes i en pacients amb MPOC greu. Relacions amb la hiperinflaci贸 din脿mica, la funci贸 dels m煤sculs respiratoris i variables cl铆niques

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    La Limitaci贸 del Flux Espiratori (EFL) determina l鈥檈xistencia d鈥檜n flux espiratori m脿xim per cada volum pulmonar i limita la capacitat ventilatoria. L鈥橢FL enlenteix el buidament pulmonar, afavorint l鈥檌ncrement del volum tele-espiratori (End-Expiratory Lung Volume - EELV) o Hiperinflaci贸 Din脿mica (HD). L鈥橦D permet un flux espiratori m脿xim superior, per貌 EFL i HD tenen efectes negatius sobre la capacitat ventilatoria: sobrec脿rrega i malfunci贸 muscular inspiratoria, increment del treball respiratori el脿stic, contribuci贸 a la percepci贸 de dispnea. La cl脿ssica determinaci贸 de l鈥橢FL per superpossici贸 de corbes flux-volum espont脿nies amb la m脿xima tendeix a sobrevalorar-la. La validaci贸 el 1994 de l鈥檃plicaci贸 de pressi贸 negativa espiratoria (Negative Expiratory Pressure, NEP) per detectar l鈥橢FL, t猫cnica senzilla i aplicable durant l鈥檈xercici, ens permet revisar i ampliar els coneixements. Objectiu: Estudiar el desenvolupament d鈥橢FL i canvis dels volums pulmonars, aix铆 com les interrelacions d鈥檃mbd贸s amb l鈥檈xercici en atletes i pacients amb MPOC severa. En el segon escenari, avaluar el paper de la possible disfunci贸 dels m煤sculs respiratoris en el comportament de EFL-HD i les relacions dels tres amb variables cl铆niques fonamentals: dispnea i qualitat de vida relacionada amb la salut (CVRS). Poblaci贸, material i m猫todes: El treball consta de dos subestudis: A) atletes i B) pacients amb MPOC. A inclogu茅 10 varons, ciclistes de competici贸, als que es realitz脿 espirometria (pre i postexercici), mesura de pressions respiratories m脿ximes i Ventilaci贸 Voluntaria M脿xima (VVM) i cicloergometria m脿xima incremental, amb mesures de EFL (NEP -10cm H2O) i EELV (Capacitat Inspiratoria, CI). B inclogu茅 25 homes amb MPOC estadi 3-4, als que determin脿rem funci贸 pulmonar (espirometria, VVM, pletismografia i difusi贸), capacitat d鈥檈sfor莽 (cicloergometria incremental i proba de marxa), cicloergometries subm脿ximes amb NEP (-3) i EELV (CI), funci贸 muscular respiratoria (for莽a: pressions m脿ximes ins- i espiratoria; resistencia: c脿rrega dintell m脿xima ins- i espiratoria en proba incremental i temps de toler脿ncia del 80% d鈥檃questes c脿rregues), dispnea (escala MRC) i CVRS (Saint George Respiratory Questionnaire, SGRQ). Resultats: A) El consum pic d鈥檕xigen fou 72(67-82)ml.kg-1.min-1 i la Ventilaci贸 147(122-180)l.min-1 (88% VVM). FEV1 i fluxos mesoespiratoris s鈥檋avien incrementat significativament despr茅s de l鈥檈xercici; nom茅s el ciclista de m茅s edat (33 a) present脿 EFL (26% del volum circulant) i sols en el pic d鈥檈xercici; l鈥橢ELV del grup descend铆 durant l鈥檈xercici lleuger-moderat un 13(5-33)%FVC (p<0,05), incrementant-se posteriorment (en el pic d鈥檈sfor莽 era similar al valor pre-exercici). B) Els pacients (FEV1 promig= 31%v.ref.) presentaven una reducci贸 moderada de for莽a i resistencia dels m煤sculs respiratoris; 19 mostraven EFL en rep貌s i 24 al 70% de la c脿rrega m脿xima (Wmax); els pacients amb EFL en rep貌s referien menys dispnea en l鈥檈xercici m脿xim (Borg) i en l鈥檈scala MRC, i millor puntuaci贸 en el domini d鈥橧mpacte del SGRQ; l鈥橢ELV s鈥檌ncrement脿 des de rep貌s al 70%Wmax (9% FVC ref), al 70%Wmax es correlacionava inversament amb el percentatge de la corba flux volum amb EFL, amb la resist猫ncia muscular respiratoria i amb la capacitat d鈥檈sfor莽 i positivament amb dispnea i puntuaci贸 del SGRQ; els 6 que no incrementaren l鈥橢FL durant l鈥檈xercici tenien menor resistencia muscular espiratoria; l鈥檃n脿lisi multivariant tri脿 FEV1, resistencia muscular espiratoria i l鈥橢FL com predictors independents d鈥橢ELV al 70%Wmax. Conclusions: L鈥橢FL 茅s infrequ虉ent i no explica l鈥橦D prop del m脿xim, que retorna EELV al nivell de rep貌s, en l鈥檈xercici progressiu en homes joves, ciclistes entrenats. Els homes amb MPOC evolucionada presenten frequ虉entment EFL en rep貌s, i l鈥檈xercici sol incrementar-la, malgrat la gran variabilitat. L鈥檈xercici subm脿xim produeix generalment HD, per貌 no sempre. La relaci贸 inversa %EFL - EELV podria indicar que l鈥櫭簊 de la reserva de flux espiratori o de volum s贸n mecanismes alternatius i complementaris per incrementar la Ventilaci贸, depenent l鈥檃ugment de volum del grau d鈥檕bstrucci贸, %EFL i de la resistencia muscular espiratoria. La frequ虉ent disfunci贸 muscular espiratoria podria afavorir el desenvolupament d鈥橦D i menys EFL, estrategia ventilatoria cl铆nicament m茅s desfavorable, associada amb m茅s dispnea, menor capacitat d鈥檈xercici i pitjor CVRS.The expiratory flow limitation (EFL) determines the existence of a peak flow for each lung volume and ventilatory capacity limits. The EFL slow down the emptying lung, favoring an increase in teleexpiratory volume (End-Expiratory Lung Volume - EELV) and Dynamic Hyperinflation (HD). The HD allows a higher peak flow, but EFL and HD have negative effects on ventilatory capacity: inspiratory muscle overload and disfunction, increased respiratory elastic work and contributing to dyspnea perception. The classical determination of the EFL by superimposition of spontaneous flow-volume curve with the maximum tends to overestimate it. The validation in 1994 of the application of negative expiratory pressure (Negative Expiratory Pressure, NEP) to detect EFL, a simple technique applicable during exercise, allows us to revise and expand knowledge. Objectives: To study the EFL development and changes in lung volumes and the relationships of both during exercise in athletes and severe COPD patients. In the second scenario, to assess the potential role of dysfunction of the respiratory muscles in the behavior of EFL-HD and their relations with main clinical variables: dyspnea and quality of life related to health (QOL). Population, material and methods: The work includes two substudy A) athletes and B) COPD patients. A) Ten men, racing cyclists, were enroled; they performed spirometry (pre and postexercise), measure of maximum respiratory pressures and maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV) and maximum incremental cycloergometry with measures of EFL (NEP-10cm H2O) and EELV (inspiratory capacity, IC). B) included 25 men with COPD stage 3-4; lung function (spirometry, MVV, plethysmography and diffusion), exercise capacity (incremental cycloergometry and 6-minutewalking test), subm脿ximal cycloergometries with NEP (-3) and EELV ( CI) measures, respiratory muscle function (strength: maximum ins-and expiratory pressures; endurance: maximum load threshold ins-and expiratory time and incremental test tolerance of 80% of these charges), dyspnea measure (MRC scale) and QOL assessement (St. George Respiratory Questionnaire, SGRQ) were performed. Results: A) peak oxygen consumption was 72 (67-82) ml.kg-1.min-1 and Ventilation 147 (122-180) L.min-1 (88% VVM). Middle-expiratory flows and FEV1 were significantly increased after exercise, only the older rider (33) presented EFL (26% of tidal volume) and only at peak exercise, the group EELV descended during light-moderate exercise in 13 (5-33)% FVC (p <0.05), increasing later (at peak exercise was similar to pre-exercise value). B) Patients (mean FEV1 = 31% v.ref.) showed a moderate reduction of respiratory muscles strength and endurance; 19 showed EFL at rest and 24 at 70% of the maximum load (Wmax); those patients with EFL showed less resting (MRC scale) and at maximal exercise (Borg) dyspnea, and best score on the SGRQ impact domain; the EELV increased from rest to 70% Wmax (9% FVC ref), at 70% Wmax correlated inversely with the percentage of tidal EFL, with respiratory muscle endurance and exercise capacity and positively with effort dyspnea and SGRQ score; those 6 patients who showed not EFL increase during exercise had lower expiratory muscle endurance; multivariate analysis selectioned FEV1, expiratory muscle endurance and EFL as independent predictors of 70% Wmax EELV. Conclusions: EFL is rare and does not explain the HD near the maximum, which returns to the level of resting EELV in progressive exercise in young men, trained cyclists. Men with advanced COPD often have EFL at rest, exercise often increase it, despite the great variability. Submaximal exercise usually produces HD, but not always. The inverse relationship EFL% - EELV could indicate that the use of the volume and expiratory flow reserves are alternative and complementary mechanisms to increase ventilation, depending the volume increase of the degree of obstruction, expiratory muscle endurance and % EFL. The frequent expiratory muscle dysfunction may favor the development of HD and less EFL, a more clinically unfavorable ventilatory strategy associated with more dyspnea, lower exercise capacity and worse QOL

    Limitaci贸 del flux aeri durant l'exercici en atletes i en pacients amb MPOC greu. Relacions amb la hiperinflaci贸 din脿mica, la funci贸 dels m煤sculs respiratoris i variables cl铆niques

    Get PDF
    La Limitaci贸 del Flux Espiratori (EFL) determina l'existencia d'un flux espiratori m脿xim per cada volum pulmonar i limita la capacitat ventilatoria. L'EFL enlenteix el buidament pulmonar, afavorint l'increment del volum tele-espiratori (End-Expiratory Lung Volume - EELV) o Hiperinflaci贸 Din脿mica (HD). L'HD permet un flux espiratori m脿xim superior, per貌 EFL i HD tenen efectes negatius sobre la capacitat ventilatoria: sobrec脿rrega i malfunci贸 muscular inspiratoria, increment del treball respiratori el脿stic, contribuci贸 a la percepci贸 de dispnea. La cl脿ssica determinaci贸 de l'EFL per superpossici贸 de corbes flux-volum espont脿nies amb la m脿xima tendeix a sobrevalorar-la. La validaci贸 el 1994 de l'aplicaci贸 de pressi贸 negativa espiratoria (Negative Expiratory Pressure, NEP) per detectar l'EFL, t猫cnica senzilla i aplicable durant l'exercici, ens permet revisar i ampliar els coneixements. Objectiu: Estudiar el desenvolupament d'EFL i canvis dels volums pulmonars, aix铆 com les interrelacions d'ambd贸s amb l'exercici en atletes i pacients amb MPOC severa. En el segon escenari, avaluar el paper de la possible disfunci贸 dels m煤sculs respiratoris en el comportament de EFL-HD i les relacions dels tres amb variables cl铆niques fonamentals: dispnea i qualitat de vida relacionada amb la salut (CVRS). Poblaci贸, material i m猫todes: El treball consta de dos subestudis: A) atletes i B) pacients amb MPOC. A inclogu茅 10 varons, ciclistes de competici贸, als que es realitz脿 espirometria (pre i postexercici), mesura de pressions respiratories m脿ximes i Ventilaci贸 Voluntaria M脿xima (VVM) i cicloergometria m脿xima incremental, amb mesures de EFL (NEP -10cm H2O) i EELV (Capacitat Inspiratoria, CI). B inclogu茅 25 homes amb MPOC estadi 3-4, als que determin脿rem funci贸 pulmonar (espirometria, VVM, pletismografia i difusi贸), capacitat d'esfor莽 (cicloergometria incremental i proba de marxa), cicloergometries subm脿ximes amb NEP (-3) i EELV (CI), funci贸 muscular respiratoria (for莽a: pressions m脿ximes ins- i espiratoria; resistencia: c脿rrega dintell m脿xima ins- i espiratoria en proba incremental i temps de toler脿ncia del 80% d'aquestes c脿rregues), dispnea (escala MRC) i CVRS (Saint George Respiratory Questionnaire, SGRQ). Resultats: A) El consum pic d'oxigen fou 72(67-82)ml.kg-1.min-1 i la Ventilaci贸 147(122-180)l.min-1 (88% VVM). FEV1 i fluxos mesoespiratoris s'havien incrementat significativament despr茅s de l'exercici; nom茅s el ciclista de m茅s edat (33 a) present脿 EFL (26% del volum circulant) i sols en el pic d'exercici; l'EELV del grup descend铆 durant l'exercici lleuger-moderat un 13(5-33)%FVC (p 0,05), incrementant-se posteriorment (en el pic d'esfor莽 era similar al valor pre-exercici). B) Els pacients (FEV1 promig= 31%v.ref.) presentaven una reducci贸 moderada de for莽a i resistencia dels m煤sculs respiratoris; 19 mostraven EFL en rep貌s i 24 al 70% de la c脿rrega m脿xima (Wmax); els pacients amb EFL en rep貌s referien menys dispnea en l'exercici m脿xim (Borg) i en l'escala MRC, i millor puntuaci贸 en el domini d'Impacte del SGRQ; l'EELV s'increment脿 des de rep貌s al 70%Wmax (9% FVC ref), al 70%Wmax es correlacionava inversament amb el percentatge de la corba flux volum amb EFL, amb la resist猫ncia muscular respiratoria i amb la capacitat d'esfor莽 i positivament amb dispnea i puntuaci贸 del SGRQ; els 6 que no incrementaren l'EFL durant l'exercici tenien menor resistencia muscular espiratoria; l'an脿lisi multivariant tri脿 FEV1, resistencia muscular espiratoria i l'EFL com predictors independents d'EELV al 70%Wmax. Conclusions: L'EFL 茅s infrequ虉ent i no explica l'HD prop del m脿xim, que retorna EELV al nivell de rep貌s, en l'exercici progressiu en homes joves, ciclistes entrenats. Els homes amb MPOC evolucionada presenten frequ虉entment EFL en rep貌s, i l'exercici sol incrementar-la, malgrat la gran variabilitat. L'exercici subm脿xim produeix generalment HD, per貌 no sempre. La relaci贸 inversa %EFL - EELV podria indicar que l'煤s de la reserva de flux espiratori o de volum s贸n mecanismes alternatius i complementaris per incrementar la Ventilaci贸, depenent l'augment de volum del grau d'obstrucci贸, %EFL i de la resistencia muscular espiratoria. La frequ虉ent disfunci贸 muscular espiratoria podria afavorir el desenvolupament d'HD i menys EFL, estrategia ventilatoria cl铆nicament m茅s desfavorable, associada amb m茅s dispnea, menor capacitat d'exercici i pitjor CVRS.The expiratory flow limitation (EFL) determines the existence of a peak flow for each lung volume and ventilatory capacity limits. The EFL slow down the emptying lung, favoring an increase in teleexpiratory volume (End-Expiratory Lung Volume - EELV) and Dynamic Hyperinflation (HD). The HD allows a higher peak flow, but EFL and HD have negative effects on ventilatory capacity: inspiratory muscle overload and disfunction, increased respiratory elastic work and contributing to dyspnea perception. The classical determination of the EFL by superimposition of spontaneous flow-volume curve with the maximum tends to overestimate it. The validation in 1994 of the application of negative expiratory pressure (Negative Expiratory Pressure, NEP) to detect EFL, a simple technique applicable during exercise, allows us to revise and expand knowledge. Objectives: To study the EFL development and changes in lung volumes and the relationships of both during exercise in athletes and severe COPD patients. In the second scenario, to assess the potential role of dysfunction of the respiratory muscles in the behavior of EFL-HD and their relations with main clinical variables: dyspnea and quality of life related to health (QOL). Population, material and methods: The work includes two substudy A) athletes and B) COPD patients. A) Ten men, racing cyclists, were enroled; they performed spirometry (pre and postexercise), measure of maximum respiratory pressures and maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV) and maximum incremental cycloergometry with measures of EFL (NEP-10cm H2O) and EELV (inspiratory capacity, IC). B) included 25 men with COPD stage 3-4; lung function (spirometry, MVV, plethysmography and diffusion), exercise capacity (incremental cycloergometry and 6-minutewalking test), subm脿ximal cycloergometries with NEP (-3) and EELV ( CI) measures, respiratory muscle function (strength: maximum ins-and expiratory pressures; endurance: maximum load threshold ins-and expiratory time and incremental test tolerance of 80% of these charges), dyspnea measure (MRC scale) and QOL assessement (St. George Respiratory Questionnaire, SGRQ) were performed. Results: A) peak oxygen consumption was 72 (67-82) ml.kg-1.min-1 and Ventilation 147 (122-180) L.min-1 (88% VVM). Middle-expiratory flows and FEV1 were significantly increased after exercise, only the older rider (33) presented EFL (26% of tidal volume) and only at peak exercise, the group EELV descended during light-moderate exercise in 13 (5-33)% FVC (p 0.05), increasing later (at peak exercise was similar to pre-exercise value). B) Patients (mean FEV1 = 31% v.ref.) showed a moderate reduction of respiratory muscles strength and endurance; 19 showed EFL at rest and 24 at 70% of the maximum load (Wmax); those patients with EFL showed less resting (MRC scale) and at maximal exercise (Borg) dyspnea, and best score on the SGRQ impact domain; the EELV increased from rest to 70% Wmax (9% FVC ref), at 70% Wmax correlated inversely with the percentage of tidal EFL, with respiratory muscle endurance and exercise capacity and positively with effort dyspnea and SGRQ score; those 6 patients who showed not EFL increase during exercise had lower expiratory muscle endurance; multivariate analysis selectioned FEV1, expiratory muscle endurance and EFL as independent predictors of 70% Wmax EELV. Conclusions: EFL is rare and does not explain the HD near the maximum, which returns to the level of resting EELV in progressive exercise in young men, trained cyclists. Men with advanced COPD often have EFL at rest, exercise often increase it, despite the great variability. Submaximal exercise usually produces HD, but not always. The inverse relationship EFL% - EELV could indicate that the use of the volume and expiratory flow reserves are alternative and complementary mechanisms to increase ventilation, depending the volume increase of the degree of obstruction, expiratory muscle endurance and % EFL. The frequent expiratory muscle dysfunction may favor the development of HD and less EFL, a more clinically unfavorable ventilatory strategy associated with more dyspnea, lower exercise capacity and worse QOL
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