"Woman with guitar - fish with bicycle" En studie i hur samhällsnormer och utbildningsinstitutioner kan påverka unga tjejer som spelar gitarr

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur samhällsnormer och utbildningsinstitutioner kan påverka unga tjejer som spelar gitarr och att förstå varför så få av dem väljer att satsa på att bli gitarrister på högre nivå. Vi har genomfört kvalitativa intervjuer med gitarrlärare, musiker och ungdomar där vi har lyft fram ämnen som förebilder, normer, stereotyper, skola och andra pedagogiska organisationer. Informanterna i denna studie har delat med sig av både personliga erfarenheter såväl som iakttagelser i deras respektive yrkesområden. Alla deltagare har utövat musik i ett antal år. Studiens resultat visar att elgitarren associeras med maskulina attribut medan den akustiska gitarren förknippas med femininitet. Både de vuxna och yngre informanterna hävdar att män och kvinnor förväntas uttrycka och bete sig på olika sätt. Dessa förväntningar skapas utifrån de rådande samhällsnormer, vilka förebilder som syns i media och upprätthålls genom objektifiering och härskartekniker. Skolan visar sig spela stor roll när det kommer till att bryta ner eller förstärka strukturer. Vi belyser betydelsen av könssegregerad verksamhet samt tar fram dess för- och nackdelar. Våra informanter hävdar att tjejer är något överrepresenterade bland deras gitarrelever, särskilt på akustiskt gitarr, medan killar är starkt överrepresenterade på elgitarr. Statistik visar att få tjejer fortsätter att spela på högre nivå och vi är övertygade om att faktorer som nämns i studien bidrar till detta utfall.The purpose of this study is to investigate how social norms and educational institutions can influence young girls playing the guitar and understand why so few of them choose to aim to become guitarists at a higher level. We conducted qualitative interviews with guitar teachers, musicians and adolescents where we have raised different topics as role models, norms, stereotypes, school and other educational organizations. The informants in this study have shared both personal experiences as well as observations in their respective professional fields. All participants have practiced music for a few or several years. Our results show that the electric guitar is associated with masculine attributes, while the acoustic guitar is associated with femininity. Both the adult and younger informants stated that men and women are expected to behave and express themselves in different ways. These expectations are created based on the prevailing social norms, role models that appear in the media, maintained through objectification and domination techniques. Educational institutions appears to play a major role when it comes to breaking down or reinforce structures. We highlight the importance of gender-segregated activities and their advantages and disadvantages. Our informants claim that girls are slightly over-represented among their guitar students, especially on acoustic guitar whilst boys being highly over-represented on the electric guitar. But statistics show that very few girls continue at a higher level and we believe that different factors mentioned in this study contributes to these outcomes

The role of land use and land cover change in climate change vulnerability assessments of biodiversity: a systematic review

Context For many organisms, responses to climate change (CC) will be affected by land-use and land-cover changes (LULCC). However, the extent to which LULCC is concurrently considered in climate change vulnerability assessments (CCVAs) is unclear. Objectives We identify trends in inclusion of LULCC and CC in vulnerability assessments of species and the direction and magnitude of their combined effect on biodiversity. Further, we examine the effect size of LULCC and CC in driving changes in “currencies” of response to CC, such as distribution, abundance and survival. Methods We conducted a systematic literature review of articles published in the last 30 years that focused on CCVA and accounted for impacts of both CC and LULCC. Results Across 116 studies, 34% assumed CC and LULCC would act additively, while 66% allowed for interactive effects. The majority of CCVAs reported similar effect sizes for CC and LULCC, although they affected different CCVA currencies. Only 14% of the studies showed larger effects of CC than of LULCC. Another 14% showed larger effects of LULCC than CC, specifically for dispersal, population viability, and reproduction, which tend to be strongly affected by fragmentation and disturbance. Although most studies found that LULCC and CC had negative effects on species currencies, in some cases effects were neutral or even positive. Conclusions CCVAs that incorporate LULCC provided a better account of drivers of vulnerability, and highlight aspects of drivers that are generally more amenable to on-the-ground management intervention than CCVAs that focus on CC alone

Late Quaternary climate legacies in contemporary plant functional composition

The functional composition of plant communities is commonly thought to be determined by contemporary climate. However, if rates of climate‐driven immigration and/or exclusion of species are slow, then contemporary functional composition may be explained by paleoclimate as well as by contemporary climate. We tested this idea by coupling contemporary maps of plant functional trait composition across North and South America to paleoclimate means and temporal variation in temperature and precipitation from the Last Interglacial (120 ka) to the present. Paleoclimate predictors strongly improved prediction of contemporary functional composition compared to contemporary climate predictors, with a stronger influence of temperature in North America (especially during periods of ice melting) and of precipitation in South America (across all times). Thus, climate from tens of thousands of years ago influences contemporary functional composition via slow assemblage dynamics

Patterns and drivers of plant functional group dominance across the Western Hemisphere: a macroecological re-assessment based on a massive botanical dataset

Plant functional group dominance has been linked to climate, topography and anthropogenic factors. Here, we assess existing theory linking functional group dominance patterns to their drivers by quantifying the spatial distribution of plant functional groups at a 100-km grid scale. We use a standardized plant species occurrence dataset of unprecedented size covering the entire New World. Functional group distributions were estimated from 3 648 533 standardized occurrence records for a total of 83 854 vascular plant species, extracted from the Botanical Information and Ecology Network (BIEN) database. Seven plant functional groups were considered, describing major differences in structure and function: epiphytes; climbers; ferns; herbs; shrubs; coniferous trees; and angiosperm trees. Two measures of dominance (relative number of occurrences and relative species richness) were analysed against a range of hypothesized predictors. The functional groups showed distinct geographical patterns of dominance across the New World. Temperature seasonality and annual precipitation were most frequently selected, supporting existing hypotheses for the geographical dominance of each functional group. Human influence and topography were secondarily important. Our results support the prediction that future climate change and anthropogenic pressures could shift geographical patterns in dominance of plant functional groups, with probable consequences for ecosystem functioning

Assessing the effects of complexity in cross-temporal transferability of species distribution modelling predictions using palaeobotanical data

Valoración de la transferencia temporal de los modelos de distribución de especies para su aplicación en nuestros días utilizando datos paleobotánicos Corilus avellana y Alnus glutinosa

Megafauna extinction, tree species range reduction, and carbon storage in Amazonian forests

During the Late Pleistocene and early Holocene 59 species of South American megafauna went extinct. Their extinction potentially triggered population declines of large-seeded tree species dispersed by the large-bodied frugivores with which they co-evolved, a theory first proposed by Janzen and Martin (1982). We tested this hypothesis using species range maps for 257 South American tree species, comparing 63 species thought to be primarily distributed by megafauna with 194 distributed by other animals. We found a highly significant (p 95% following disperser extinction. A numerical gap dynamic simulations suggests that over a 10 000 yr period following the disperser extinctions, the average convex hull range size of large-seeded tree species decreased by ∼ 31%, while the estimated decrease in population size was ∼ 54%, indicating a likely greater decrease in species population size than indicated by the empirical range patterns. Finally, we found a positive correlation between seed size and wood density of animal-dispersed tree species implying that the Late Pleistocene and early Holocene megafaunal extinctions reduced carbon content in the Amazon by ∼ 1.5 ± 0.7%. In conclusion, we 1) provide some empirical evidence that megafauna distributed fruit species have a smaller mean range size than wind, water or other animal-dispersed species, 2) demonstrate mathematically that such range reductions are expected from megafauna extinctions ca 12 000 yr ago, and 3) illustrate that these extinctions may have reduced the Amazon's carbon storage capacity