Smart fertilizer mixer system for fertigation

In modern agriculture, the fertigation technique is widely used to grow healthy crops and achieve quality yields. It involves mixing fertilizer into the water supply, typically referred to as the irrigation system, for crop cultivation. In the case of manually mixed fertilizer, the challenge lies in determining the appropriate level of electrical conductivity (EC) of the mixture. High EC value will reduce the chance of survival in young plants, whereas low EC value could reduce the yield of matured plants. This paper intends to address the situation by proposing an automated nutrient solution mixing method that matches the required EC level. As part of the research setup, this study makes use of a systematic fertilizer mixer that carries out the fertilization system and the irrigation system concurrently. The stock solution of this fertigation system is a type of liquid fertilizer that, when dissolved in water, produces the positively charged Mg (+2) ions and the negatively charged SO4 ions (-2) thus making it possible to get an EC reading. Through this uncomplicated and economical method, farmers can confidently rely on EC sensors to check the concentration level of the mixed nutrition solution on their behalf

Evaluation of growth and nutritional value of Brassica microgreens grown under red, blue and green LEDs combinations

39 p.-7 fig.-2 tab.-9 tab. supl.Microgreens are rich functional crops with valuable nutritional elements that have health benefits when used as food supplements. Growth characterization,nutritional composition profile of 21 varieties representing five species of the Brassica genus asmicrogreens were assessed under light-emitting diodes(LEDs) conditions. Microgreens were grown under four different LEDs ratios(%); red:blue 80:20 and 20:80 (R80:B20 and R20:B80), or red:green:blue 70:10:20 and 20:10:70 (R70:G10:B20 and R20:G10:B70). Results indicated that supplemental lighting with green LEDs (R70:G10:B20) enhanced vegetative growth and morphology, while blue LEDs (R20:B80) increased the mineral and vitamin contents. Interestingly, by linking the nutritional content with the growth yield to define the optimal LEDs setup, we found that the best lighting to promote the microgreen growth was the green LEDs combination (R70:G10:B20). Remarkably, under the green LEDs combination (R70:G10:B20) conditions,the microgreens of Kohlrabi purple, Cabbage red, Broccoli, Kale Tucsan, Komatsuna red, Tatsoi and Cabbage green, which can benefit human health in conditions with limited food, had the highest growth and nutritional content.This research work is a part of a project received seed funding from the Dubai Future Foundation through the Guaana.com open research platform(grant no. MBR026). Dr. Mortaza is supported from ERDF project “Plants as a tool from sustainable global development” No. CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000827.Peer reviewe

A Proposed Method of Photovoltaic Solar Array Configuration Under Different Partial Shadow Conditions

The benefit of improving the efficiency of photovoltaic(PV) solar system has come into view because of increasing the demand for electricity, especially in the urban areas. However, these PV solar systems are vulnerable to the mismatch operating conditions. Under such conditions, the performance of solar cells decreases rapidly since the non—uniform insolation hitting the cell sand with different values. Then this leads to cause rapidly decreasing in the output power value and maximum power point, beside to hot spot points that may be occur on the solar cell which finally leads to damage these cells. This paper proposes an optimal connection of sub strings with different value of shadow conditions, based on a thorough configuration that can significantly reduce that non—uniform conditions loss. The refinement over existing photovoltaic (PV) solar array interconnections is proven by extensive simulation results by using MATLAB SIMULINK

Response Surface Method In-Cooperating Embedded System For Bus Route Optimization

The incessant increment of the population and lack of the reliable bus position notification system in big cities is causing the boost of the privately owned cars, has created major traffic problems. First ever time, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is adopted in this study to present a new real time intelligent buses notification system using routes' coordinates optimization and wireless mesh network emerged in an embedded design. The von Mises and displacement equation is obtained through RSM and trained to the dedicated controller unit. A mature experimental setup is designed to analyze the equation validation. The result from statistical and experimental analysis using DOE implies that the target to optimize a single route coordinates into one digit representing the bus stop number is achieved by -98%. The outcomes of research as location data minimizing and transmission time reduction has a promised potential for a good and reliable route coordinates optimization

Reconfiguration Method Based on DC/DC Central Converter within Different Mismatch Conditions

Reconfigurable photovoltaic (PV) systems are of great interest with respect to system designers in order to improve the system’s efficiency and operation. This paper proposes an adaptive reconfiguration scheme to reduce the effect of shadows on solar panels. A method to capture the maximum power point of the photovoltaic (PV) array systemwith the help of DC/DC central converter system is presented. The method of connecting the solar adaptive string to the fixed part of the solar photovoltaic (PV) array proposed, which increases the power of the solar PV array according to a model-based algorithm. The model algorithms are implemented in real time. Ideal diode model parameters also proposed for each module in both fixed and adaptive part respectively. The analyses are obtained from the study of the voltage vs. power curve characteristics of the both parts. Finally, the proposed solution is ensuring that the adaptive string has the ability to capture the MPP

Design And Develop Automatic Battery Cyclic Tester

In EV and HEV, the power battery must capable of performing charge and discharge for longer period of time imply that longer life cycle of the battery. Hence, batteries are required to undergo cyclic battery test. However, the cyclic test is time consuming that will result in long waiting time for the test to complete. Chemical reaction in each battery are varies thus affecting the battery performance. Thus, the need for fully automated cyclic test station is appear. In this paper will focus on the design and development of automation of the battery cyclic tester. An analog output is used to send signal to the driver circuit and energizes relay that control charging and discharging s for each bat battery's charging switch of the battery. A PC based system for testing batteries in a fully controlled environment has to be developed. The system must able to perform fully-automated battery cyclic test. The result, as expected reduces man-hour waiting time during conducting battery testing. In addition of conventional battery cyclic test, it costs a great expense for battery manufacturers to verify battery life cycle. In addition, with this system all parameters involved in battery charging-discharging processes are obtained

Modeling of Photovoltaic Solar Array under Different levels of partial shadow Conditions

Different methods of configuration have been formulated regarding photovoltaic solar power by employing several techniques. This has been done because of the varying conditions so that the loss of power can be minimized. The main factor which decreases energy output of the photovoltaic PV solar systems is partial shadowing. The way the energy output of partially shadowed arrays varies with the system configuration used, has been studied extensively. A huge degree of disorder still exists, particularly with respect to the best modularity grade for these systems. There are two distinct sub-divisions in the systems implemented in the reconfiguration mechanism: reconfigurable solar arrays, and a switching matrix to do a reconfiguration. Using different methods, the proportions of shadowing obstructions were noted to allow for calculation of the likely shadowing losses. The outcomes of this paper on modeling and monitoring are used to evaluate the photovoltaic system with respect to shadowing losses with different levels and their reliance on the system configuration are selected. It has been found that power loss because of varying conditions is majorly due to the decrease in radiance occurring on the photovoltaic array and can be avoided through selecting the suitable configuration and connection. The simulation results show that the output characteristics of the simulator presented better results with that proposed model

Progress in valorisation of agriculture, aquaculture and shellfish biomass into biochemicals and biomaterials towards sustainable bioeconomy

The recurrent environmental and economic issues associated with the diminution of fossil fuels are the main impetus towards the conversion of agriculture, aquaculture and shellfish biomass and the wastes into alternative commodities in a sustainable approach. In this review, the recent progress on recovering and processing these biomass and waste feedstocks to produce a variety of value-added products via various valorisation technologies, including hydrolysis, extraction, pyrolysis, and chemical modifications are presented, analysed, and discussed. These technologies have gained widespread attention among researchers, industrialists and decision makers alike to provide markets with bio-based chemicals and materials at viable prices, leading to less emissions of CO2 and sustainable management of these resources. In order to echo the thriving research, development and innovation, bioresources and biomass from various origins were reviewed including agro-industrial, herbaceous, aquaculture, shellfish bioresources and microorganisms that possess a high content of starch, cellulose, lignin, lipid and chitin. Additionally, a variety of technologies and processes enabling the conversion of such highly available bioresources is thoroughly analysed, with a special focus on recent studies on designing, optimising and even innovating new processes to produce biochemicals and biomaterials. Despite all these efforts, there is still a need to determine the more cost-effective and efficient technologies to produce bio-based commodities.The authors would like to thank HICOE Research Grant Scheme (UMT/CRIM/2-2/5 Jilid 2 (10), Vot 56051 and UMT/CRIM/2-2/5 Jilid 2 (11), Vot. No. 56052) under HICoE AKUATROP Trust Account No. 66955 to perform this project. The authors would also like to acknowledge Universiti Malaysia Terengganu and Henan Mingbo New Energy Technology Co. Ltd, China for financial support under the International Partnership Research Grant (UMT/CRIM/2-2/2/23 (23), Vot 55302).Scopu