49 research outputs found

    On the relevance of Reynolds stresses in resolvent analyses of turbulent wall-bounded flows

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    The ability of linear stochastic response analysis to estimate coherent motions is investigated in turbulent channel flow at friction Reynolds number Reτ_\tau = 1007. The analysis is performed for spatial scales characteristic of buffer-layer and large-scale motions by separating the contributions of different temporal frequencies. Good agreement between the measured spatio-temporal power spectral densities and those estimated by means of the resolvent is found when the effect of turbulent Reynolds stresses, modelled with an eddy-viscosity associated to the turbulent mean flow, is included in the resolvent operator. The agreement is further improved when the flat forcing power spectrum (white noise) is replaced with a power spectrum matching the measures. Such a good agreement is not observed when the eddy-viscosity terms are not included in the resolvent operator. In this case, the estimation based on the resolvent is unable to select the right peak frequency and wall-normal location of buffer-layer motions. Similar results are found when comparing truncated expansions of measured streamwise velocity power spectral densities based on a spectral proper orthogonal decomposition to those obtained with optimal resolvent modes

    On the wave-cancelling nature of boundary layer flow control

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    International audienceThis work deals with the feedforward active control of Tollmien–Schlichting instability waves over incompressible 2D and 3D boundary layers. Through an extensive numerical study, two strategies are evaluated; the optimal linear–quadratic–Gaussian (LQG) controller, designed using the Eigensystem realization algorithm, is compared to a wave-cancellation scheme, which is obtained using the direct inversion of frequency-domain transfer functions of the system. For the evaluated cases, it is shown that LQG leads to a similar control law and presents a comparable performance to the simpler, wave-cancellation scheme, indicating that the former acts via a destructive interference of the incoming wavepacket downstream of actuation. The results allow further insight into the physics behind flow control of convectively unstable flows permitting, for instance, the optimization of the transverse position for actuation. Using concepts of linear stability theory and the derived transfer function, a more efficient actuation for flow control is chosen, leading to similar attenuation of Tollmien–Schlichting waves with only about 10% of the actuation power in the baseline case

    A Comprehensive Review on Copemyl(\uae)

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    Economic sustainability is of paramount importance in the rapidly evolving therapeutic scenario of multiple sclerosis (MS). Glatiramoids are a class of drugs whose forefather, glatiramer acetate, has been used as a disease modifying drug (DMD) in patients with MS for over 20 years. Its patent expired in 2015; new versions of such drug are nowadays available on the market, potentially contributing to lowering prices and enhancing a better allocation of economic resources. In this review, we analyze the recommendations underlying the approval of both generic drugs and biosimilars by regulatory authorities, and we provide methodological tools to contextualize the design of studies on these new classes of drugs. We examine in more detail the preclinical and clinical data of Copemyl(\uae), a new member of the glatiramoid class, focusing on its biological and immunological properties and illustrating randomized controlled trials that led to its authorization

    EVALITA Evaluation of NLP and Speech Tools for Italian - December 17th, 2020

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    Welcome to EVALITA 2020! EVALITA is the evaluation campaign of Natural Language Processing and Speech Tools for Italian. EVALITA is an initiative of the Italian Association for Computational Linguistics (AILC, http://www.ai-lc.it) and it is endorsed by the Italian Association for Artificial Intelligence (AIxIA, http://www.aixia.it) and the Italian Association for Speech Sciences (AISV, http://www.aisv.it)

    Modelling and control of turbulent and transitional flows

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    The dynamics of fluid motion can accurately be described by the Navier– Stokes equations. Manipulating these equations to reduce their complexity but preserving their main characteristics has always been a key research activity in the field of fluid mechanics. Effort has been made to provide high-fidelity models for wall-bounded turbulent flows or reduced-order models for applications such as drag reduction, lift enhancement, or noise suppression. Model order reduction has also been employed for studying the dynamics of the Navier-Stokes equations. In this PhD thesis, the emphasis is on providing computationally inexpensive methods for industrial applications. Numerical simulations are performed to tackle model order reduction for flow control of transitional boundary-layer flows for drag reduction. It is assumed that localized wall sensors and actuators are available, and that only the time signals accessible in experiments are provided. Thus, a method to include unknown high-dimensional input disturbances in a reduced-order model of a transitional boundary-layer flow is presented. The method is applied for the design of an optimal controller for drag reduction through delay of transition. Moreover, the role of the actuator is discussed and a comparison between realistic actuators and actuators computed using optimization methods is presented. Here, the emphasis is on the effectiveness of the actuators for the studied flow control cases. Numerical simulations are also performed to tackle high-fidelity modeling in wall-bounded turbulent flows. The accuracy of the resolvent analysis in predicting the most energetic flow structures in a wall-bounded turbulent flow is quantified for different temporal frequencies. A direct comparison between the predictions from the resolvent analysis and the flow structures identified in DNS data is presented. Moreover, the beneficial effects attained with the inclusion of the Reynolds-stresses via an eddy-viscosity model are clarified for flows with friction Reynolds number up to 1007.Dynamiken av fluiders rörelse kan väl beskrivas med hjälp av Navier-Stokes ekva- tioner. Att manipulera dessa ekvationer för att minska deras komplexitet utan att förlora väsentliga egenskaper har alltid varit ett viktigt forskningsomr ̊ade inom strömningsmekanik. Mycket forskning har utförts för att utveckla högkvalitativa modeller t.ex. för beskrivning av väggbundna turbulenta flöden samt styrlagar baserad på lågordnings modeller för applikationer som motståndsminskning, förhöjning av lyftkraft eller bullerreducering. Modellreduktion har också använts för att studera strömningsdynamiken som beskrivs av Navier-Stokes ekvationer. Tonvikten av arbetet presenterat i denna doktorsavhandling ligger på utveckling av beräkningsmässigt snabba och effektiva metoder för industriella tillämpningar. Vi har utfört numeriska simuleringar för att framta reducerade modeller för strömningsstyrning i syfte att minska motst ̊andet i gränsskiktsflöde genom att fördröja laminär-turbulent omslag. I dessa beräkningar har vi antagit att lokaliserad väggmätning och styrning är möjlig och att endast inputdata i form av tidssignaler fr ̊an dessa mättningar är tillgängliga. Vi har tagit fram en metod för att ta hänsyn till det högdimensionella bruset i mätdata i utvecklingen av lågordnings modeller för gränsskiktsflöden under inverkan av hög friströmsturbulens. Metoden har använts för att utforma en optimal styrlag för motst ̊andsminskning i gränsskiktsflöden. Dessutom har vi undersökt aktuatorns roll och jämfört realistiska aktuatorer med de beräknade med hjälp av optimeringsmetoder. Jämförelsen har gjorts med betoning på aktuators effektivitet i de studerade fallen. Vi har också utfört numeriska simuleringar av väggbundna turbulenta flöden för att utveckla modeller med hög fidelitet av dessa flöden. Genom resultaten av dessa simuleringar har vi undersökt noggrannheten av den så kallade “resolvent” analysen för prediktering av de mest energiska strukturerna i väggbundna turbulenta flöden. En direkt jämförelse mellan strukturer identifierade i simuleringsdata och de predikterade genom resolvent analysen har presenterats. Dessutom har vi visat fördelarna med användning av en “eddy-viscosity” modell för Reynolds-spänningar i resolvent analysen för strömningsfall med friktion Reynoldstal upp till 1007.QC 20200512</p

    Modelling and control of turbulent and transitional flows

    No full text
    The dynamics of fluid motion can accurately be described by the Navier– Stokes equations. Manipulating these equations to reduce their complexity but preserving their main characteristics has always been a key research activity in the field of fluid mechanics. Effort has been made to provide high-fidelity models for wall-bounded turbulent flows or reduced-order models for applications such as drag reduction, lift enhancement, or noise suppression. Model order reduction has also been employed for studying the dynamics of the Navier-Stokes equations. In this PhD thesis, the emphasis is on providing computationally inexpensive methods for industrial applications. Numerical simulations are performed to tackle model order reduction for flow control of transitional boundary-layer flows for drag reduction. It is assumed that localized wall sensors and actuators are available, and that only the time signals accessible in experiments are provided. Thus, a method to include unknown high-dimensional input disturbances in a reduced-order model of a transitional boundary-layer flow is presented. The method is applied for the design of an optimal controller for drag reduction through delay of transition. Moreover, the role of the actuator is discussed and a comparison between realistic actuators and actuators computed using optimization methods is presented. Here, the emphasis is on the effectiveness of the actuators for the studied flow control cases. Numerical simulations are also performed to tackle high-fidelity modeling in wall-bounded turbulent flows. The accuracy of the resolvent analysis in predicting the most energetic flow structures in a wall-bounded turbulent flow is quantified for different temporal frequencies. A direct comparison between the predictions from the resolvent analysis and the flow structures identified in DNS data is presented. Moreover, the beneficial effects attained with the inclusion of the Reynolds-stresses via an eddy-viscosity model are clarified for flows with friction Reynolds number up to 1007.Dynamiken av fluiders rörelse kan väl beskrivas med hjälp av Navier-Stokes ekva- tioner. Att manipulera dessa ekvationer för att minska deras komplexitet utan att förlora väsentliga egenskaper har alltid varit ett viktigt forskningsomr ̊ade inom strömningsmekanik. Mycket forskning har utförts för att utveckla högkvalitativa modeller t.ex. för beskrivning av väggbundna turbulenta flöden samt styrlagar baserad på lågordnings modeller för applikationer som motståndsminskning, förhöjning av lyftkraft eller bullerreducering. Modellreduktion har också använts för att studera strömningsdynamiken som beskrivs av Navier-Stokes ekvationer. Tonvikten av arbetet presenterat i denna doktorsavhandling ligger på utveckling av beräkningsmässigt snabba och effektiva metoder för industriella tillämpningar. Vi har utfört numeriska simuleringar för att framta reducerade modeller för strömningsstyrning i syfte att minska motst ̊andet i gränsskiktsflöde genom att fördröja laminär-turbulent omslag. I dessa beräkningar har vi antagit att lokaliserad väggmätning och styrning är möjlig och att endast inputdata i form av tidssignaler fr ̊an dessa mättningar är tillgängliga. Vi har tagit fram en metod för att ta hänsyn till det högdimensionella bruset i mätdata i utvecklingen av lågordnings modeller för gränsskiktsflöden under inverkan av hög friströmsturbulens. Metoden har använts för att utforma en optimal styrlag för motst ̊andsminskning i gränsskiktsflöden. Dessutom har vi undersökt aktuatorns roll och jämfört realistiska aktuatorer med de beräknade med hjälp av optimeringsmetoder. Jämförelsen har gjorts med betoning på aktuators effektivitet i de studerade fallen. Vi har också utfört numeriska simuleringar av väggbundna turbulenta flöden för att utveckla modeller med hög fidelitet av dessa flöden. Genom resultaten av dessa simuleringar har vi undersökt noggrannheten av den så kallade “resolvent” analysen för prediktering av de mest energiska strukturerna i väggbundna turbulenta flöden. En direkt jämförelse mellan strukturer identifierade i simuleringsdata och de predikterade genom resolvent analysen har presenterats. Dessutom har vi visat fördelarna med användning av en “eddy-viscosity” modell för Reynolds-spänningar i resolvent analysen för strömningsfall med friktion Reynoldstal upp till 1007.QC 20200512</p
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