Phenotypical effects of PGE2 on the TLR-mediated maturation of in-vitro-generated monocyte-derived dendritic cells

Dendritische Zellen (DC) spielen eine Schlüsselrolle im Immunsystem. Sie dienen als professionelle antigenpräsentierende Zellen und können eine antigenspezifische Immunantwort initiieren, indem sie naive T-Zellen primen. DC können auch verwendet werden, um T-Zellen im Kontext der onkologischen Immuntherapie zu stimulieren. In vitro können sie leicht aus Monozyten differenziert werden. Die daraus resultierenden unreifen DC können bereits Antigene phagozytieren und präsentieren, sie aktivieren jedoch noch keine Immunantwort solange keines der aufgenommenen Antigene als pathogen erkannt wird. Die Ausreifung einer unreifen, tolerogenen DC zu einer immunogenen reifen DC kann, neben anderen Methoden, durch einen Cocktail aus TLR-Liganden oder Zytokinen erreicht werden. Die Auswahl der Substanzen in diesem Cocktail bestimmt den Phänotyp und die funktionellen Eigenschaften der resultierenden reifen DC. Einige der benötigten Fähigkeiten der DC in der Tumorimmuntherapie, wo sie aus Patientenmonozyten generiert, mit Tumorantigen beladen und dem Patienten wieder zugeführt werden sollen, umfassen die Migration zu den T-Zell-Zonen der Lymphknoten, Antigenpräsentation auf sowohl MHC-I- als auch MHC-II-Molekülen, Zytokinproduktion für die Direktion der T-Zell-Antwort wie IL-12p70, und die Expression von Oberflächenmarkern wie der kostimulatorischen Moleküle CD80 und CD86. In der Vergangenheit wurde gezeigt, dass durch Zugabe von Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) zu einem Cocktail mit dem synthetischen TLR3-Liganden poly-I:C und dem TLR7/8-Liganden R848 (Resiquimod) sowohl eine gute migratorische Fähigkeit als auch eine erhöhte IL-12p70-Produktion erreicht werden kann, während etwa die Fähigkeit zur Antigen-Kreuzpräsentation reduziert erschien. Anhand von Monozyten anonymer gesunder Spender beleuchtet diese Arbeit daher den Effekt von PGE2 auf monozytenderivierte DC näher, indem seine konzentrationsabhängige Wirkung auf deren Phänotyp untersucht wird. In den durchgeführten Versuchen wurde dabei die Expressionsdichte der Oberflächenmarker CD83, CD80 und CD86, HLA-DR und CCR7 sowie der monozytäre Marker CD14 durchflusszytometrisch analysiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen bei Exposition mit PGE2 dosisabhängig eine Heraufregulation von CD80, CD83, CD86 und CCR7 in der Population reifer DC, deren Maximum in unteren mikromolaren Konzentrationen erreicht wird. Gleichzeitig induzierte PGE2 dosisabhängig auch die Entstehung einer zweiten Zellpopulation mit anderen Eigenschaften, die stattdessen den monozytären Marker CD14 re-exprimierte. Dies ist für künftige Studien eine interessante Beobachtung, da sie eine differenzierte Betrachtung beider resultierender Subpopulationen anregt.Dendritic cells (DC) play a key role in the immune system. They serve as professional antigen presenting cells and can initiate an antigen-specific immune response by priming naive T cells. DC can also be used to stimulate T cells in the context of tumor immunotherapy. In vitro, they can easily be differentiated from monocytes. The resulting immature DC are capable of antigen phagocytosis and presentation, but do not yet activate an immune response as long as none of the uptaken antigens is recognized as pathogenic. The process of converting an immature, tolerogenic DC to an immunogenic mature DC can, among other methods, be achieved by using a cocktail of toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands and cytokines. The choice of the substances included into this cocktail later determines the phenotype and capabilities of the resulting mature dendritic cells. Some of the required DCs' capabilities in the field of cancer immunotherapy, where they are to be generated from patient monocytes, loaded with tumor antigen and re-transferred into the patient, include migration to the T cell areas of lymph nodes, antigen presentation on both MHC-I and MHC-II molecules, cytokine production for shaping the T cell response such as IL-12p70, and the expression of surface markers such as the costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86. Adding Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) to a cocktail of the TLR3 ligand poly(I:C) and the TLR7/8 ligand R848 (Resiquimod) has been shown to result in a good migratory capacity as well as an elevated IL-12p70 production. In earlier research, the capability of antigen cross-presentation however appeared to be reduced when PGE2 was added. Hence, using anonymous healthy donor monocytes, this work was designed to further investigate the effects of PGE2 on DC dose-dependently by studying their phenotype. Particularly, the density of the cell surface markers CD83, CD80 and CD86, HLA-DR and CCR7 as well as the monocyte marker CD14 have been studied in flow cytometry. The results suggest a dose-dependent up-regulation by PGE2 of CD80, CD83, CD86 and CCR7 in the population of mature DC reaching its maximum at low µM concentrations. Simultaneously, PGE2 also dose-dependently induced the generation of a second cell population, which instead re-expressed the monocyte marker CD14. This is an interesting finding as well as it encourages a differential look at both resulting subpopulations in future analyses

Crossbreeding cultures : Italian and local, elite and popular; building in Bohemia, 1490-1720

From the moment that Central-European culture at the end of the nineteenth century developed art history into an independent academic discipline, the early modern building yards in the rolling landscapes between the Danube and the Moldau were regarded primarily as local tributaries of an Italian, or eventually German, production, acquiring additional impurities the further away they were from the source of artistic genius. With Prague and Bohemia as an operating base and covering the late fifteenth through early eighteenth centuries, this chapter will nuance this vision of “a passive recipient to which influence flows” (DaCosta Kaufmann): Prague society, with a population of artists so heterogeneous that the model of an autochthonous recipient is unsustainable, is a choice subject for the study of the sophisticated nature and techniques of artistic métissage. By confronting the ambitions of clients with the particular backgrounds of their architects, we will show how a new architecture emerged and how design choices and extraordinary forms developed in an area of religious fault lines and ethnical stratifications. The reader will discover the way in which foreign models are paired with local custom, but also, how traditional forms, regarded as native, often spring from foreign sources. The origins and particularities of some late-Baroque churches, for instance, reside in the intricate combination of ardent Formwillen and theological erudition, of Italianist Baroque culture and local devotional practices. Their geometric complexities and apparent linguistic contradictions are the fruit of harsh ideological clashes and of the surprising ecclesiastical wit and the convoluted – why not Baroque? – minds of the abbots who, contemporaneously, often operate as real international entrepreneurs. The resulting semantic riches – which modernism so often seemed to lack, as Robert Venturi argued – have been tailored to the needs of a complex society and clientele: modern in many ways, but still firmly rooted in pre-modern practices and traditions; a world, for sure, on the brink of crumbling in front of impending Enlightenment triumph