The effect of yeast growth stages on the absorption of polyphenols

Colloidal stability of beer is one of the most critical challenges facing the brewing industry. In brewing, stabilization agents are widely used to remove colloids such as proteins and polyphenols. However, the removal efficiency of polyphenols depends on the yeast, which adsorbs these compounds on its surface. The adsorption of polyphenols on the yeast surface is associated with the zeta potential of the cell wall, which correlates with the mannan content in them. The purpose of the study was to investigate the role of yeast strains in adsorption of polyphenols (increasing colloidal stability of beer) and the correlation of this property with the mannan content in the cell wall during the fermentation. Two S. cerevisiae strains were used in this study, and the specific growth rate of yeast, the specific rate of change in the polyphenol content and the mannan content were determined. The results of this study showed that the highest mannan content in yeast was after 9 hours (the end of exponential growth phase). Its content was 10.97% by weight of dry matter in the yeast S. cerevisiae Californian Lager (M54), and 13.69% in the yeast S. cerevisiae Belgian Wit (M21). The desorption of polyphenols was observed during the period from 9 to 24 hours of fermentation, where an increase in the content of polyphenols in the medium was observed. Based on these results, it is necessary to remove the yeast at the end of the exponential growth phase to increase the colloidal stability of the beer

Nanostructure Formation in Superior Quality Rails

Using transmission electron microscopy methods the layer by layer analysis of the bulk hardened superior quality rails is carried out and the quantitative parameters of structure, phase state and defect substructure gradients are established. The gradient character of changing of structure-phase states and dislocation substructure along the cross section of rail head is revealed. The oil bulk hardening of superior quality rails is accompanied by the formation of morphologically different structure, being produced according to the shear and diffusion of γ-α transformation. The base structure volume is formed by the diffusion mechanism and is consisted of plate pearlite grains, free ferrite grains and grains of ferrite-carbide mixture. The presence of the bend extinction contours testifying to curvature-torsion of crystal lattice is revealed on electron microscope images. The analysis of far acting internal field stresses created by interfaces of cementite plates of pearlite grains and interfaces of pearlite and ferrite grains is carried out. It is shown that the interface boundaries globular cementite particles-matrix are the possible places of microcracks initiation

Nanostructure Formation in Superior Quality Rails

Using transmission electron microscopy methods the layer by layer analysis of the bulk hardened superior quality rails is carried out and the quantitative parameters of structure, phase state and defect substructure gradients are established. The gradient character of changing of structure-phase states and dislocation substructure along the cross section of rail head is revealed. The oil bulk hardening of superior quality rails is accompanied by the formation of morphologically different structure, being produced according to the shear and diffusion of γ-α transformation. The base structure volume is formed by the diffusion mechanism and is consisted of plate pearlite grains, free ferrite grains and grains of ferrite-carbide mixture. The presence of the bend extinction contours testifying to curvature-torsion of crystal lattice is revealed on electron microscope images. The analysis of far acting internal field stresses created by interfaces of cementite plates of pearlite grains and interfaces of pearlite and ferrite grains is carried out. It is shown that the interface boundaries globular cementite particles-matrix are the possible places of microcracks initiation

Физика газового разряда и ее современные приложения: учебное пособие

Курс лекций по физике газового разряда предназначен для студентов первого года обучения в магистратуре, обладающих знаниями по физике и математике в объеме программы бакалавриата факультета физико-математических наук РУДН. Он направлен на углубленное изучение кинетических процессов, протекающих в плазменных средах, основных типов устройств, реализующих газовый разряд, явлений, возникающих в приэлектродных областях, плазмохимических процессов применительно к современным технологиям. Учебное пособие выполнено в рамках инновационной образовательной программы Российского университета дружбы народов, комплекс экспортоориентированных инновационных образовательных программ по приоритетным направлениям науки и технологий

Роль нарушений идиотип-антиидиотипических взаимодействий в формировании замедления негативации серологических реакций у пациентов с ранними формами сифилиса, получавших специфическую терапию

Goal. To study the humoral immunity state in patients with the slowed down achievement of negative serologic reactions after the treatment of early onset forms of syphilis by means of examining the blood serum level of idiotypic and anti-idiotypic antibodies to cardiolipin and p17 Treponema Pallidum antigenic protein. Materials and methods. The study involved 324 patients (39.5% male and 60.5% female) with the slowed down achievement of negative serologic reactions. Primary (idiotypic) antibodies to cardiolipin and p17 protein were obtained using immunochromatographic assays with the help of the Bio Logik LP system. Purified antibodies were concentrated using the ultrafiltration technique with the aid of the XM-100А membrane. To obtain the rabbit antiserum to p17 Treponema Pallidum protein, chinchilla rabbits were immunized using the commercial recombinant p17 protein. To determine anti-cardiolipin idiotypic antibodies in the blood serum, the ELISa method optimized for detecting anti-cardiolipin antibodies was applied. To determine anti-cardiolipin anti-idiotypic antibodies as well as idiotypic and anti-idiotypic antibodies to p17 Treponema Pallidum protein, the standard ELISA method was applied. The following antigens were used to process the pads: F(ab)2 fragments of anti-cardiolipin antibodies (5 μg/mL), recombinant р17 T. pallidum protein (5 μg/mL) and F(ab)2 fragments of antibodies to р17 T. pallidum protein (10 μg/mL). The level of antibodies was assessed based on the absorbancy and expressed in conventional activity units using the K coefficient being the absorbancy of the serum under examination to the mean absorbancy of control serums ratio. The K value exceeding 1.5 conventional units indicated the increased level of antibodies. Results. Patients with the slowed down achievement of negative serologic reactions demonstrated a selective increase in the level of anti-idiotypic antibodies (AIAB) relative to T. pallidum antigens, cardiolipin and p17 protein, vs. first-order antibodies, which points at abnormal mutual regulation between idiotypic antibodies (IAB) and AIAB; the discovered phenomenon lays the immunochemical basis for the formation of a self-sustaining “vicious circle” contributing to the induction of high levels of antibodies to treponema antigens even when the pathogen was destroyed.Цель. Исследование состояния гуморального иммунитета у пациентов с замедлением негативации серологических реакций после лечения ранних форм сифилиса путем изучения содержания в сыворотке крови идиотипических (ИАТ) и антиидиотипических антител (АИАТ) к кардиолипину и р17 антигенному белку Treponema pallidum. Материал и методы. Обследованы 324 пациента (39,5% мужчин, 60,5% женщин) с замедлением негативации серологических реакций. Первичные (идиотипические) антитела к кардиолипину и белку р17 получали с помощью иммуноаффинной хроматографии с использованием системы Bio Logik LP. Очищение антитела концентрировали методом ультрафильтрации на мембране ХМ-100А. Для получения кроличьей антисыворотки к белку р17 T. pallidum проводили иммунизацию кроликов породы шиншилла коммерческим рекомбинантным белком р17. Для определения ИАТ к кардиолипину в сыворотке крови использовали методику иммуноферментного анализа (ИФА), оптимизированную для определения кардиолипиновых антител. Для определения АИАТ к кардиолипину, ИАТ и АИАТ к антигенному белку р17 T. pallidum применяли стандартную методику постановки ИФА. Для обработки планшет использовали следующие антигены: F(ab)2-фрагменты антител к кардиолипину (5 мкг/мл), рекомбинантный белок р17 T. pallidum (5 мкг/мл) и F(ab)2-фрагменты антител к белку р17 T. pallidum (10 мкг/мл). Уровень антител оценивали по оптической плотности (ОП) и выражали в условных единицах активности (усл. ед.) коэффициентом К, представляющим собой отношение значения ОП исследуемой сыворотки к среднему значению ОП контрольных сывороток. О наличии повышенного уровня антител свидетельствовало значение К, превышающее 1,5 усл. ед. Результаты. У пациентов с замедлением негативации серологических реакций показано избирательное повышение уровня АИАТ к антигенам T. pallidum - кардиолипину и белку р17 - по сравнению с антителами первого порядка, что является показателем нарушения взаимной регуляции между ИАТ и АИАТ; выявленный феномен является иммунохимической основой формирования самоподдерживающегося «порочного круга», способствующего индукции высокого уровня антител к антигенам трепонемы даже после устранения возбудителя

Separation of Flip and Non-Flip parst of Charge Exchange np->pn at energies Tn = 0.5 - 2.0 GeV

The new Delta-Sigma experimental data on the ratio $R_{dp}$ allowed separating the Flip and Non-Flip parts of the differential cross section of $np\to pn$ charge exchange process at the zero angle by the Dean formula. The PSA solutions for the $np\to np$ elastic scattering are transformed to the $np\to pn$ charge exchange representation using unitary transition, and good agreement is obtain.Comment: 7 pages, 2 figure

Spin alignment of K∗(892)±K^*(892)^\pm mesons produced in neutron-carbon interactions

A new precise measurements of spin density matrix element $\rho_{00}$ of $K^*(892)^{\pm}$ mesons produced inclusively in neutron-carbon interactions at \~60 GeV have been carried out in the EXCHARM experiment at the Serpukhov accelerator. The values of $\rho_{00}$ obtained in the transversity frame are $0.424\pm0.011(stat)\pm0.018(sys)$ for $K^*(892)^+$ and $0.393\pm0.025(stat)\pm0.018(sys)$ for $K^*(892)^-$. Significant $P_T$ dependence of $\rho_{00}$ has been observed in $K^*(892)^+$ production.Comment: 8 pages, LaTeX, 3 eps figure