Changes in quantity and quality of time for children: United States, 1981-1997.

This paper tries to analyze changes in the allocation of time decided by mothers and how their characteristics influence that allocation across the period 1981-1997 in the United States. Data reveals that there exists an increase on the quantity and quality of time devoted to children by some types of mothers. Shift-share analysis shows that behind the increase there is a change in maternal behaviour. Then, it seems reasonable to model the decisions of the mothers and try to explain which are the determinants. Estimations suggest that working time is a substitute of quantity, but not quality, of time with children. Being single reduces not only time but also its quality. Mother’s earnings and level of education have changed their influence on time with children across time.Time-use, quantity and quality of time with children, family economics, simultaneous equation system, and three-stage least squares.

Changes in quantity and quality of time for children: United States, 1981-1997

This paper tries to analyze changes in the allocation of time decided by mothers and how their characteristics influence that allocation across the period 1981-1997 in the United States. Data reveals that there exists an increase on the quantity and quality of time devoted to children by some types of mothers. Shift-share analysis shows that behind the increase there is a change in maternal behaviour. Then, it seems reasonable to model the decisions of the mothers and try to explain which are the determinants. Estimations suggest that working time is a substitute of quantity, but not quality, of time with children. Being single reduces not only time but also its quality. Mother’s earnings and level of education have changed their influence on time with children across time

Intra-industry trade with emergent countries: what can we learn from spanish data?

In this paper, we study the nature of Spanish intra-industry trade and find that intra-industry trade with CEEC, Asian and Mediterranean countries has increased considerably since the middle of the Nineties. The second aim of the paper is to study if the comparative advantage argument also explains the vertical intra-industry trade between different income countries. According to OLS estimations, technological differences increase DVIIT while physical capital differences lead to its decrease. The results obtained applying the Heckman method support the idea that differences in physical capital reduce the probability of IIT to occur but the level of vertical and horizontal IIT is more accurately explained by the proximity of partners, similarity in development level and size of market than by the differences in physical capital endowments. The variables considered, mostly country-specific, do have the same impact on vertical and horizontal IIT with emergent countries.Comparative advantage

An analysis of student satisfaction: full-time versus part-time students

This paper examines how students’ characteristics affect their level of satisfaction with their academic degree. For this analysis we draw data from a survey answered by graduate students. This survey was conducted at a public university in Spain from 2001 to 2004. The fact that students simultaneously work and study emerges as one of the most important determinants of student satisfaction. In particular, our results show that alumni who had a part-time job while they were studying are more likely to report being less satisfied with their college experience.The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support received from the following institutions: the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science and FEDER through grant SEC2003-00306 and SEJ2006-1106/ECON; the Generalitat of Catalonia through the Barcelona Economics program (XREA) and grant SGR2001-00162; the Autonomous Government of Andalusia through grant SEJ-03261 and the School of Computer Science at the Universitat Autònoma of Barcelona

The effect of aspirations, habits, and social security on the distribution of wealth

In this paper, we analyze how the introduction of habits and aspirations affects the distribution of wealth when individuals’ labor productivity is subject to idiosyncratic shocks and bequests arise from a joy-of-giving motive. In the presence of either bequests or aspirations, labor income shocks are transmitted intergenerationally and this transmission, together with the contemporaneous income shocks, determines the stationary distribution of wealth. We show that the introduction of aspirations increases both the intragenerational variability of wealth and the corresponding degree of intergenerational mobility. The opposite result holds when habits are introduced. Finally, we discuss how aspirations and habits interact with the redistributive features of an unfunded social security system.The financial support from the Fundación BBVA to Jordi Caballé and from the Spanish Ministry of Education through grant SEJ2006-11067 and the Junta de Anadalucía through grant P07-SEJ-03261 to Ana I. Moro-Egido is gratefully acknowledged

Do endowments matter for vertical intra-industry trade with emergent countries? Empirical evidence for Spain

In this paper, we study the nature of Spanish intra-industry trade and find that intra-industry trade with CEEC, Asian and Mediterranean countries has increased considerably since the middle of the Nineties. The second aim of the paper is to study if the comparative advantage argument also explains the vertical intra-industry trade between countries with different income levels. To this end we build physical, technological and human capital stocks for a large sample of countries. Results obtained with the panel techniques support the idea of a neo Ricardian explanation of VIIT rather than the neo-Hecksher-Ohlin explanation for intra-industry trade with emergent countries. Furthermore, our results suggest that the variables considered, mostly country-specific better explain vertical intra-industry trade than horizontal intra-industry trade. Results obtained with the Heckman method support the idea that IIT is more likely to occur with emergent countries with higher i ncome per capita and with OECD countries that have a more similar level of income to that of Spain. Differences in endowments play an important role to determine the volume of IIT rather than the probability of IIT to occur. An aditional contribution of this paper is to demonstrate that panel approach allows for more robust conclusions than OLS estimations when explaining intra-industry trade. The Heckman procedure to account for the zero flows also represents a major improvement respect to the standard approach.The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the CICYT Project SEJ2005-001163 (Spanish Ministry of Education and FEDER)

Trade types with developed and developing countries. What can we learn from Spanish data?

In this paper, we investigate the nature of Spanish intra-industry trade and find that intra-industry trade with CEEC, Asian and Mediterranean countries has increased considerably since the middle of the Nineties. The second aim of the paper is to study if the comparative advantage argument also explains vertical in tra-industry trade between different income countries. According to OLS estimations, technological differences do increase DVIIT while physical capital differences decreases it. Results obtained applying Heckman method support the idea that differences in phys ical capital reduce the probability of IIT to occur but the level of vertical and horizontal IIT is better explained by the proximity of partners, the similarity in development level and size of market than by differences in physical capital endowments. The variables considered, mostly country-specific do have the same impact on vertical and horizontal IIT with emergent countries

Country differences in the gender effect on poverty in Europe

This paper evaluates to what extent differences in population and structural characteristics between countries can explain country differences with respect to the gender effect on poverty. Our study aims to advance research on the structural dimension in the predominantly individually-oriented study field of poverty. To facilitate an approach that integrates individual and structural context dimensions we take advantage of multilevel techniques to test differences among a large number of countries regarding the effect of the gender gap on the risk of being poor, entering into poverty, and exiting from poverty. We use the European Union Survey on Income and Living Conditions for the years 2007-2008. From our analyses, we conclude that structural effects seem to be more relevant than individual effects in explaining country differences with regard to the gender poverty gap.The financial support from Spanish Ministry of Education through grant ECO2009-11117 and Junta de Andalucía though grant P07-SEJ-03261

Heterogeneous self-employment and subjective well-being: evidence from Latin America

This paper analyzes the relationship between labor status and individual satisfaction in Latin America. Existing evidence for developed countries shows that the self-employed report higher job satisfaction than the employed. The evidence, however, is less conclusive in terms of lifesatisfaction. Moreover, for Latin American countries, the evidence shows that self-employed individuals report lower life-satisfaction than employed individuals do. To clarify the effect of selfemployment on satisfaction, we use the Latinobarómetro survey 2007 for eighteen Latin American and Caribbean countries, considering the category self-employment as a heterogeneous category. Additionally, we control for the distinction between necessity and opportunity self-employed. Contrary to existing evidence, we find that not all self-employed individuals are more satisfied than employed individuals. Specifically, we find evidence revealing that, compared to workers in paid employment (i) precarious self-employed workers are as satisfied as the employed with their life but less with job and household income; (ii) self-employed professionals are more satisfied than the employed only with their incomes; (iii) business owners are more satisfied with their lives, income and job; and (iv) self-employed famers and fisherman are less satisfied with their jobs and income.The financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (ECO2010-17049) to M. Teresa García-Muñoz and from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through grant ECO2012-33993 to Ana I. Moro-Egido is gratefully acknowledged

Changes in Subjective Well‑Being Over Time: Economic and Social Resources do Matter

The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by the Government of Spain through grant ECO2015-63734-P (MINECO/FEDER), the FPU2014/1123 fellowship from the Spanish Ministry of Education and the Fortalecimiento Program of the University of Granada (SEJ-340, SEJ-393). Funding for open access charge: Universidad de Granada/CBUA.This article analyzes the main determinants of changes in subjective well-being over time in Germany distinguishing between long-term and short-term changes. Our findings for the long term indicate that social capital and values and cultural dimensions have the greatest capacity to predict changes in subjective well-being. Likewise, the correlation between economic resources and subjective well-being is weaker due to the small increase registered in household income and because people compare their income with those who are better off and feel envy. In the short term, economic resources have the highest capacity to predict both improvements (ups) and declines (downs) in subjective well-being. Finally, we also suggest that, whenever information is available, personality traits should be taken into account in the analysis of changes in subjective well-being over time in order to achieve more reliable estimates.Government of Spain (MINECO/FEDER) ECO2015-63734-PSpanish Government FPU2014/1123Fortalecimiento Program of the University of Granada SEJ-340 SEJ-393Universidad de Granada/CBU