Oppgradering av planteråvarer i fôr til laksefisk ved bruk av termomekanisk behandling og syresalter

Inclusion of plant ingredients in diets for salmonids is restricted due to low energy contents, unbalanced amino acid (AA) composition and presence of antinutritional factors (ANF). The objective of this thesis was to investigate methods for improving the nutritional and physical quality of plant ingredients in diets for salmonids by use of thermomechanical treatment and supplemental organic acid salts. Diets containing plant ingredients derived from soybeans or barley were exposed to thermo-mechanical treatment at different temperatures by (1) expander pretreatment, (2) extrusion and (3) autoclaving, with or without the supplementation of 12 g kg-1 potassium diformate (KDF) or 10.6 g kg-1 sodium diformate (NaDF). Nutritional quality was evaluated by the content of dietary AA, available lysine and trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA), as well as in vivo apparent digestibility in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and mink (Neovison vison). In addition, a two-step in vitro gastrointestinal model (GIM) was used to assess protein solubility and bioavailability of AA by use of digestive enzymes from Atlantic salmon. Physical quality of extruded diets was evaluated by measuring hardness, expansion ratio, durability and water stability index (WSI). Expander pretreatment of full-fat soybean meal (FFSBM) at 100 and 120 ºC improved (P<0.05) the digestibility of arginine, glutamine and tyrosine in Atlantic salmon. The higher digestibility of expander pretreated FFSBM was confirmed in mink. The improved digestibility of AA in Atlantic salmon and mink by expander pretreatment of FFSBM coincided with the reduction in dietary TIA. Extrusion of diets containing toasted soybean meal (SBM) at 150 ºC improved (P<0.05) the digestibility of crude protein (CP) and several individual AA in Atlantic salmon compared to extrusion at 110 ºC. Similar findings were observed for diets containing barley protein concentrate (BPC) when fed to rainbow trout. Extrusion at 141 ºC improved (P<0.05) the digestibility of starch, CP, arginine and several dispensable AA, but reduced (P<0.01) the digestibility of phenylalanine compared to extrusion at 110 ºC. The improved digestibility of protein and AA in rainbow trout with increasing extrusion temperatures was associated with higher availability of lysine in diets extruded at 141 ºC. Heat treatment at 130 ºC by autoclaving reduced the dietary AA content (P<0.05), the in vivo digestibility of CP and all individual AA in mink, as well as the in vitro bioavailability of AA (P<0.01) compared to heat treatment at 100 ºC. The adverse effects of heat treatment at long treatment times on the nutritional quality of diets were also shown by reductions in dietary contents of reactive and available lysine (P<0.001), protein solubility (P<0.01) and increased browning (P<0.001). Supplementation of KDF to FFSBM and SBM diets did generally not (P>0.1) affect nutrient digestibility in Atlantic salmon and mink, whereas supplementation of NaDF improved (P0.1) affect the digestibility of CP or individual AA in mink. Physical quality of the extruded diets was affected by both extrusion temperature and supplementation of organic acid salts. Increased pellet expansion was observed in diets with soybeans processed by expander pretreatment and increasing extrusion temperatures, while supplemental KDF reduced pellet expansion. In diets with BPC, increasing extrusion temperatures improved pellet durability. Addition of NaDF improved the expansion ratio, durability and WSI compared to diets without NaDF. The improved digestibility of plant proteins in salmonids by thermo-mechanical treatment at increasing temperatures is explained by a reduction in heat-labile ANF concurrent with higher availability of AA, as a result of denaturation and structural unfolding of protein molecules. The negative effects of increasing temperatures in combination with long treatment times in the autoclave on digestibility of CP and AA in mink was explained by a reduction in AA availability. Supplementation of acid salts did not consistently improve the digestibility of plant ingredients in salmonids and did not protect the protein from heat-induced damage during prolonged heat treatment. The lack of consistency remains unclear and requires further investigation. Both increasing temperatures during extrusion and supplementation of acid salts affected the physical quality of the feeds. The improved physical quality by supplemental acid salts indicates increased binding of feed particles.Inkludering av planteråvarer i fôr til laksefisk er begrenset på grunn av lavt energiinnhold, ubalansert aminosyresammensetning og innhold av antinæringsstoffer. Formålet med denne avhandlingen var å undersøke metoder for å forbedre ernæringsmessig- og fysisk kvalitet av planteråvarer i fôr til laksefisk ved bruk av termomekanisk behandling og tilsetning av organiske syresalter. Fôr som inneholdt planteråvarer fra soyabønner eller bygg ble eksponert for termomekanisk behandling ved ulike temperaturer under (1) ekspanderforbehandling, (2) ekstrudering og (3) autoklavering, med eller uten tilsetning av 12 g kg-1 kalium diformiat (KDF) eller 10.6 g kg-1 natrium diformiat (NaDF). Ernæringsmessig kvalitet ble evaluert som aminosyreinnhold i fôret, tilgjengelig lysin og trypsininhibitor-aktivitet (TIA), samt in vivo apparent fordøyelighet i Atlantisk laks (Salmo salar), regnbueørret (Oncorhynchus mykiss) og mink (Neovison vison). En tostegs in vitro fordøyelighetsmodell (GIM) ble i tillegg brukt for å vurdere proteinløselighet og biotilgjengelighet av aminosyrer ved bruk av fordøyelsesenzymer fra Atlantisk laks. Fysisk kvalitet av de ekstruderte fôrene ble vurdert ved å måle hardhet, ekspansjon, durabilitet og vannstabilitetsindeks (WSI). Ekspanderforbehandling av fullfett soyamel (FFSBM) ved 100 og 120 ºC ga økt (P<0.05) fordøyelighet av arginin, glutamin og tyrosin hos Atlantisk laks. Den høyere fordøyeligheten av ekspanderforbehandlet FFSBM ble bekreftet i mink. Den økte fordøyeligheten av aminosyrer i Atlantisk laks og mink ved ekspanderforbehandling av FFSBM var sammenfallende med reduksjon av TIA i fôret. Ekstrudering av dietter som inneholdt varmebehandlet og avfetta soyamel (SBM) ved 150 ºC ga forbedret (P<0.05) fordøyelighet av råprotein og flere individuelle aminosyrer sammenliknet med ekstrudering ved 110 ºC. Liknende resultater ble observert da dietter med byggproteinkonsentrat (BPC) ble fôret til regnbueørret. Ekstrudering ved 141 ºC ga en høyere (P<0.05) fordøyelighet av stivelse, råprotein, arginin og flere ikke-essensielle aminosyrer, men resulterte i redusert (P<0.01) fordøyelighet av fenylalanin sammenliknet med ekstrudering ved 141 ºC. Varmebehandling ved autoklavering på 130 ºC ga redusert innhold av aminosyrer i fôret (P<0.05), redusert in vivo fordøyelighet av råprotein og alle essensielle aminosyrer i mink, samt redusert in vitro biotilgjengelighet av aminosyrer (P<0.01) sammenliknet med varmebehandling ved 100 ºC. De negative effektene av varmebehandling og lang behandlingstid på ernæringsmessig kvalitet på fôret ble også vist ved reduksjoner i fôrets innhold av reaktivt og tilgjengelig lysin (P<0.001), redusert proteinløselighet (P<0.01) og økt bruning (P<0.001). Tilsetning av KDF til fôr med FFSBM og SBM ga generelt ingen (P>0.1) effekt på fordøyeligheten av næringsstoff hos Atlantisk laks og mink, mens tilsetning av NaDF ga en forbedret (P0.1) fordøyeligheten av råprotein eller individuelle aminosyrer hos mink. Fysisk kvalitet av det ekstruderte fôret ble påvirket av både ekstruderingstemperatur og syresalter. Ekspanderforbehandling og økt ekstruderingstemperatur ga økt ekspansjon av fôr som inneholdt soya, mens tilsetning av KDF ga redusert ekspansjon. Økende ekstruderingstemperatur ga forbedret durabilitet av fôr med BPC, mens tilsetning av NaDF ga økt ekspansjon, durabilitet og WSI sammenliknet med fôr uten NaDF. Forbedringen av fordøyeligheten av planteråvarer hos laksefisk ved bruk av termomekanisk behandling med økte temperaturer er forklart ved en reduksjon i varmelabile antinæringsstoff, samtidig med økt tilgjengelighet av aminosyrer som et resultat av denaturering og åpning av proteinstrukturer. Negative effekter av økende temperatur i kombinasjon med lang behandlingstid under autoklavering på fordøyeligheten av råprotein og aminosyrer er forklart ved redusert aminosyretilgjengelighet. Tilsetning av syresalter ga variable resultater på fordøyeligheten av planteråvarer hos laksefisk. Årsaken til dette er fortsatt uklart og krever videre undersøkelser. Både økende temperaturer under ekstrudering og tilsetning av syresalter påvirket fysisk kvalitet på fôret. Forbedringen i fysisk kvalitet ved tilsetning av syresalter indikerer en økt binding mellom fôrpartikler.Aquaculture Protein Centre (APC) ; BioMar AS ; ADDCON Nordic A

Letter from Owen Morken to Representative Burdick Regarding Lorraine Perkins\u27s Need for Funds to Have Running Water Installed in Her House, April 1, 1957

This letter, dated April 1, 1957, from Fort Berthold Agency Superintendent Owen D. Morken to United States (US) Representative Usher Burdick makes reference to a request, forwarded by Burdick, from James Black Dog for funding for Lorraine Perkins to install running water in her house. Morken writes that the Fort Berthold Agency cannot advance such funds, and that Perkins has only $1.93 in her Individual Indian Money Account. Morken recommends that Perkins include this expense in the plan she submits in order to receive payment of her segregated shares, when the become available. He also suggests she speak with O. K. Walkingstick, the agency\u27s relocation officer, if she is interested in the Relocation Program. See also: Letter from James Black Dog to Representative Burdick Regarding Lorraine Perkins\u27s Need for Funds to Have Running Water Installed in Her House, March 21, 1957 Letter from Representative Burdick to Owen Morken Regarding Lorraine Perkins\u27s Need for Funds to Have Running Water Installed in Her House, March 27, 1957 Letter from Representative Burdick to James Black Dog Regarding Lorraine Perkins\u27s Need for Funds to Have Running Water Installed in Her House, April 4, 1957https://commons.und.edu/burdick-papers/1448/thumbnail.jp

Letter from Owen D. Morken to Senator Langer Regarding Disbursement of Segregated Shares as Provided for in US Public Law 553, May 16, 1957

This letter, dated May 16, 1957, from Fort Berthold Agency Superintendent Owen D. Morken to United states (US) Senator William Langer notifies Langer that he is being sent a memorandum detailing the plans and procedures governing the disbursement of segregated shares to members of the Three Affiliated Tribes of Fort Berthold as provided for in US Public Law 85-553. Morken goes on to detail measures taken and guidelines to be followed in processing the applications submitted by tribal members to claim their segregated shares, touching on, among other things, the handling of minor\u27s shares and those of members living off the reservation. See also: Memorandum from Owen D. Morken to Enrolled Members of the Three Affiliated Tribes Regarding Per Capita Payments, May 2, 1957 An Act to Provide for the Segregation of Certain Funds of the Fort Berthold Indians on the Basis of Membership Roll Prepared for Such Purposehttps://commons.und.edu/langer-papers/2057/thumbnail.jp

Memorandum from Owen D. Morken to Enrolled Members of the Three Affiliated Tribes Regarding Per Capita Payments, May 2, 1957

This memorandum, issued May 2, 1957 by Owen D. Morken, Superintendent of the Fort Berthold Agency, to all enrolled members of the Three Affiliated Tribes of Fort Berthold, North Dakota, introduces the plans and procedures governing the distribution of segregated shares to the members of the Fort Berthold Reservation, as provided in United States Public Law 553. The memorandum includes an attachment that lays out detailed regulations governing, among other things, the authority of the agency superintendent to approve or deny applications and plans, restrictions on the use of minors\u27 funds, the use of segregated funds to repay debt or delinquent taxes, and procedure for appealing decisions. See also: An Act to Provide for the Segregation of Certain Funds of the Fort Berthold Indians on the Basis of Membership Roll Prepared for Such Purposehttps://commons.und.edu/langer-papers/1750/thumbnail.jp

Mentalization-based treatment of female patients with severe personality disorder and substance use disorder

Personality disorder (PD) and substance use disorder (SUD) are frequently co-occurring conditions which severely affect individuals in different domains of their life. Around half of patients with SUD also suffer from a PD. Clinical research indicates that each of these conditions separately are difficult to treat and many obstacles to successful outcomes can be found. When these conditions occur together, consequences for treatment are even graver. Furthermore, these patients are often excluded from specialised psychiatric treatments for PD and are left to random treatment programmes in the SUD field where competence and knowledge on PD are often lacking. This dissertation sought to explore, through different methodological approaches, the experiences and changes in mentalization-based treatment (MBT) of 18 female patients with comorbid PD/SUD. Do they achieve beneficial results from the treatment, and do they accept and endure this long-term combination treatment which is tailored to patients with borderline PD? The dissertation consists of three papers. The first paper was a single-case study which investigates the treatment process of a patient suffering from SUD and schizotypal PD, which is considered difficult to treat and that could enlighten the process of working with transference and handling countertransference. The methodology was a hermeneutical single case efficacy design (HSCED) and vignettes from the treatment process together with abundant data collection were used in the analysis. The research question for paper 1 was: What are the effects of disorganised attachment on personality functioning and substance abuse, and how is it transformed through MBT? What are the central mechanisms of change? In paper 2, thirteen patients were interviewed qualitatively on their experiences of MBT and their view on own pathology approximately 2 years after terminating MBT. A thematic analysis within a hermeneutical-phenomenological epistemology was the methodological approach chosen for the analyses of transcribed semi-structured qualitative interviews. The research questions of paper 2 was: How do female patients with clinical significant borderline traits and comorbid SUD experience their own central change processes after participating in a MBT programme? When these patients experience change in psychotherapy, what central change processes do they highlight? Do they experience changes in their ability to mentalize when looking back at the therapy process? In paper 3, longitudinal quantitative data were collected from 18 patients at baseline, every 6 months in treatment, at the end of treatment and at follow-up two years after treatment. The assessment protocol had measures on PD, SUD, interpersonal functioning, symptomatic distress, general functioning and self-esteem. Furthermore paper 3 aimed to evaluate the feasibility aspects of the pilot project. Linear mixed models were utilised for the analyses of the quantitative data. The research questions of paper 3 were: What is the feasibility of MBT with female patients with severe PD and SUD? Does MBT have any positive effect on PD/SUD patients’ substance use and personality structure (primary outcome)? Does MBT have any positive effect on symptom distress, interpersonal and social functioning (secondary outcome)? In paper 1 we found that: 1) that the patient had changed in a clinically significant way, 2) that MBT was the main causative process for her change, 3) that the main mechanisms of change were reparations of ruptures in the alliance, handling countertransference and working in the transference through constant efforts a mentalizing the relationship, and 4) that treatment gains made it possible for her to maintain her mentalizing abilities even in close relationships that formerly would activate profound mental confusion. In paper 2 we found that patients experienced meaningful psychological change after participating in MBT and that by gaining the ability to reflect on their own feelings and thinking processes, interpersonal encounters became more flexible and ultimately patients experienced an increased sense of an agentic self. The themes that described their change processes were “by feeling the feeling”, “by thinking things through”, “by walking in your shoes to see myself”, and “by stepping outside of own bad feeling in seeing you”. In paper 3, we found that preliminary data on changes in several outcome measures indicated that MBT treatment gave both clinically and statistically significant changes in primary and secondary outcome measures. Furthermore, in evaluation of the feasibility aspects of the study we concluded that embarking on a randomized controlled trial (RCT) with this study protocol and treatment programme is “feasible with close monitoring”. Treatment adherence and routines for frequent and coherent assessment are important to implement and monitor. The findings in this dissertation indicate that MBT could be a potential beneficial treatment approach for female patients suffering from PD/SUD. Furthermore, different hypotheses on what are important mechanisms of change in MBT have been found. These include working in the transference, managing countertransference and mentalizing as a central change process. These suggestions for mechanisms of change should be further investigated in psychotherapy process studies. The lack of a control group and the limited number of participants suggest that conclusions must be made with caution. The feasibility aspects seem promising and larger studies on MBT with PD/SUD are recommended

Asynchronous Use of Engineering (Materials) Education Videos

Engineering education delivery is dynamic and increasingly asynchronous. An observation that students had very different levels of knowledge and skills as they progressed through our programs, led the authors to use audio/visual media as a leveling intervention. In this effort the authors collected data to determine if audio/visual media can be used to increase performance in the development of a program related task and guide students to higher levels of learning on Blooms Taxonomy through the development of student created learning aids. One specific need was reflected in the disparate skills of our majority component of ‘transfer’ students in our programs. Through informal observations the authors realized students simply did not have familiarity with the equipment at our facility (as opposed to their previous experiences elsewhere). In this study, the authors target one simple skill relevant to resistance welding that could be used as an introduction to metallurgy concepts (welding band saw blades). This student project was used not only to provide students with a practical skill for their applications toolbox but additionally as a way to construct departmental teaching aids for other processes as students synthesize learning and create their own media presentations. The eventual goal of having procedural information readily available for students unfamiliar with specific equipment needed for interdisciplinary projects involving our programs. There were many interesting aspects to this effort. The first involves the creation of audio/visual content because of the many forms (resolution), lengths (venues), and content (audience). The second aspect of interest was the effectiveness of the effort. This was primarily measured through the use of two control groups and the outcomes of the assigned project. Finally, the continuous process improvement information that lead beyond the original intent of creating a single video to a more discrete and relevant approach to doing so guided by student feedback

Politisitat : ”Å nei, ikke de igjen!” : en teoretisk oppgave

Bachelor i politiutdannin

Determination of kinetic constants from the co-digestion of dairy cow slurry and municipal food waste at increasing organic loading rates

acceptedVersio

Perinatal mortality by gestational week and size at birth in singleton pregnancies at and beyond term: a nationwide population-based cohort study

Background: Whether gestational age per se increases perinatal mortality in post-term pregnancy is unclear. We aimed at assessing gestational week specific perinatal mortality in small-for-gestational-age (SGA) and non-SGA term and post-term gestations, and specifically to evaluate whether the relation between post-term gestation and perinatal mortality differed before and after ultrasound was introduced as the standard method of gestational age estimation. Methods: A population-based cohort study, using data from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway (MBRN), 1967–2006, was designed. Singleton births at 37 through 44 gestational weeks (n = 1 855 682), excluding preeclampsia, diabetes and fetal anomalies, were included. Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for perinatal mortality and stillbirth in SGA and non-SGA births by gestational week were calculated. Results: SGA infants judged post-term by LMP had significantly higher perinatal mortality than post-term non-SGA infants at 40 weeks, independent of time period (highest during 1999–2006 [OR 9.8, 95% CI: 5.7-17.0]). When comparing years before (1967–1986) versus after (1987–2006) ultrasound was introduced, there was no decrease in the excess mortality for post-term SGA versus non-SGA births (ORs from 6.1 [95% CI: 5.2-7.1] to 6.7 [5.2-8.5]), while mortality at 40 weeks decreased significantly (ORs from 4.6, [4.0-5.3] to 3.2 [2.5-3.9]). When assessing stillbirth risk (1999–2006), more than 40% of SGA stillbirths (11/26) judged to be ≥41 weeks by LMP were shifted to lower gestational ages using ultrasound estimation. Conclusions: Mortality risk in post-term infants was strongly associated with growth restriction. Such infants may erroneously be judged younger than they are when using ultrasound estimation, so that the routine assessment for fetal wellbeing in the prolonged gestation may be given too late

Physical activity is associated with a low prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in the Royal Norwegian Navy: a cross sectional study

Background: Despite considerable knowledge about musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) and physical, psychosocial and individual risk factors there is limited knowledge about physical activity as a factor in preventing MSD. In addition, studies of physical activity are often limited to either leisure activity or physical activity at work. Studies among military personnel on the association between physical activity at work and at leisure and MSD are lacking. This study was conducted to find the prevalence of MSD among personnel in the Royal Norwegian Navy and to assess the association between physical activity at work and at leisure and MSD. Methods: A questionnaire about musculoskeletal disorders, physical activity and background data (employment status, age, gender, body mass index, smoking, education and physical stressors) was completed by 2265 workers (58%) 18 to 70 years old in the Royal Norwegian Navy. Multiple logistic regression with 95% confidence intervals was used to assess the relationship between physical activity and musculoskeletal disorders. Results: A total of 32% of the workers reported musculoskeletal disorders often or very often in one or more parts of the body in the past year. The most common musculoskeletal disorders were in the lower back (15% often or very often), shoulders (12% often or very often) and neck (11% often or very often). After adjustment for confounders, physical activity was inversely associated with musculoskeletal disorders for all body sites except elbows, knees and feet. Conclusion: The one-year prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among workers in the Royal Norwegian Navy was rather low. A physically active lifestyle both at work and at leisure was associated with fewer musculoskeletal disorders among personnel in the Royal Norwegian Navy. Prospective studies are necessary to confirm the cause and effect in this association