Rice genotype differences in tolerance of zinc-deficient soils: evidence for the importance of root-induced changes in the rhizosphere

The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpls.2015.01160Zinc (Zn) deficiency is a major constraint to rice production and Zn is also often deficient in humans with rice-based diets. Efforts to breed more Zn-efficient rice are constrained by poor understanding of the mechanisms of tolerance to deficiency. Here we assess the contributions of root growth and root Zn uptake efficiency, and we seek to explain the results in terms of specific mechanisms. We made a field experiment in a highly Zn-deficient rice soil in the Philippines with deficiency-tolerant and -sensitive genotypes, and measured growth, Zn uptake and root development. We also measured the effect of planting density. Tolerant genotypes produced more crown roots per plant and had greater uptake rates per unit root surface area; the latter was at least as important as root number to overall tolerance. Tolerant and sensitive genotypes took up more Zn per plant at greater planting densities. The greater uptake per unit root surface area, and the planting density effect can only be explained by root-induced changes in the rhizosphere, either solubilizing Zn, or neutralizing a toxin that impedes Zn uptake (possibly HCO − 3 HCO3− or Fe2+), or both. Traits for these and crown root number are potential breeding targets.This research was funded by a grant from the UK's Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC, Grant Ref. BB/J011584/1) under the Sustainable Crop Production Research for International Development (SCPRID) programme, a joint multi-national initiative of BBSRC, the UK Government's Department for International Development (DFID) and (through a grant awarded to BBSRC) the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Support to AKN in the form of a fellowship awarded by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) is gratefully acknowledged

Factors related to depression among childcare worker;Cross-sectional study in Hokkaido, Japan

The goal of the present study was to investigate the factors related to depression among childcare workers. From November 2015 to August 2016, 358 nurseries (17.9%) answered a questionnaire. Adjusted for nursery work experience totaling more than five years, work place, cooperation in the work place, quality of sleep, hospital visiting, factors related to work of more than five years (OR=0.55, 95%CIs=(0.34, 0.91)), ability to consult troubles with boss (OR=0.36, 5%CIs=(0.18, 0.73)), to be able to take paid holidays (OR=0.49, 95%CIs=(0.27, 0.88)), having a spouse (OR=0.55, 95%CIs=(0.32, 0.94)) were considered to decrease the risk of depression. The Japanese government should prompt to improve the reatment of nurseries

Effects of behavioural activation on the neural circuit related to intrinsic motivation

[Background] Behavioural activation is an efficient treatment for depression and can improve intrinsic motivation. Previous studies have revealed that the frontostriatal circuit is involved in intrinsic motivation; however, there are no data on how behavioural activation affects the frontostriatal circuit. [Aims] We aimed to investigate behavioural activation-related changes in the frontostriatal circuit. [Method] Fifty-nine individuals with subthreshold depression were randomly assigned to either the intervention or non-intervention group. The intervention group received five weekly behavioural activation sessions. The participants underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging scanning on two separate occasions while performing a stopwatch task based on intrinsic motivation. We investigated changes in neural activity and functional connectivity after behavioural activation. [Results] After behavioural activation, the intervention group had increased activation and connectivity in the frontostriatal region compared with the non-intervention group. The increased activation in the right middle frontal gyrus was correlated with an improvement of subjective sensitivity to environmental rewards. [Conclusions] Behavioural activation-related changes to the frontostriatal circuit advance our understanding of psychotherapy-induced improvements in the neural basis of intrinsic motivation. [Declaration of interest] None.This work was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas from Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, JSPS (grants 16H06395 and 16H06399), and grant 23118004 from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan. This work was partially supported by the programme for Brain Mapping by Integrated Neurotechnologies for Disease Studies (Brain/MINDS) by Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, AMED (grant 15dm0207012h0002) and Integrated Research on Depression, Dementia and Development Disorders by AMED (grant 16dm0107093h0001). The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis and interpretation of the data; preparation or review of the manuscript or decision to submit the manuscript for publication

低出生体重聾児1例に対する人工内耳の装用効果 : 聾単独人工内耳装用児1例との比較

It was deaf, and we examined a point to keep in mind of the cochlear implant wearing effect of the cochlear implant wearing deaf child who had the minor developmental disease derived from low weight birth and the preschool guidance and, as a result, suggested the following things. 1. The low birth weight deaf child did near language development to a premature baby of normal hearing and deaf singularity children by having worn cochlea at 3\u27s. 2. The cochlear implant wearing effect for the low birth weight history deaf child to 3\u27s was high. 3. It was thought that it was necessary to get a learning condition ready after it extracted an individual problem early, and having predicted a prognosis

Discrepancy between magnetic resonance imaging and cranial nerve neuropathies associated with the involvement of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma（DLBL）.

An 83-year-old female developed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma（DLBL） of the left nasal cavity. Complete remission was achieved after two courses of Rituximab and CHOP（R-CHOP） . During the fourth course of R-CHOP, sensory disturbance and palsy of the left face developed. Left trigeminal nerve swelling was observed in magnetic resonance imaging（MRI） followed by double vision in the left eye, and MRI revealed swelling of both trigeminal nerves but not of the abducens nerve. Although the swelling of the trigeminal nerves and the double vision subside after administration of prednisolone, the palsy of the left face persisted. Two months after the fourth course of R-CHOP, symptoms of the palsy of the left face progressed and palsy of the right face, double vision, and palsy of the left facialis nerve developed. Then,blepharoptosis of the right eye developed and palsy of the right oculomotorius nerve was observed. MRI showed the presence of trigeminal nerve and oculomotorius nerve swelling but no swelling of the other cranial nerves. Furthermore, skin eruption developed around the left eye.Cytology of this lesion revealed the invasion of lymphoma cells

Genetic analysis of typical wet-type age-related macular degeneration and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy in Japanese population

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common cause of blindness in the elderly. Caucasian patients are predominantly affected by the dry form of AMD, whereas Japanese patients have predominantly the wet form of AMD and/or polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV). Although genetic association in the 10q26 (ARMS2/HTRA1) region has been established in many ethnic groups for dry-type AMD, typical wet-type AMD, and PCV, the contribution of the 1q32 (CFH) region seem to differ among these groups. Here we show a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the ARMS2/HTRA1 locus is associated in the whole genome for Japanese typical wet-type AMD (rs10490924: \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$p = 4.1 \times 10 ^{ - 4}$$\end{document}, OR = 4.16) and PCV (rs10490924: \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$p = 3.7 \times 10 ^{ -8}$$\end{document}, OR = 2.72) followed by CFH (rs800292: \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$p = 7.4 \times 10 ^{ -5}$$\end{document}, OR = 2.08; \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$p = 2.6 \times {10^{ - 4}}$$\end{document}, OR = 2.00), which differs from previous studies in Caucasian populations. Moreover, a SNP (rs2241394) in complement component C3 gene showed significant association with PCV (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$p = 2.5 \times {10^{ - 3}}$$\end{document}, OR = 3.47). We conclude that dry-type AMD, typical wet-type AMD, and PCV have both common and distinct genetic risks that become apparent when comparing Japanese versus Caucasian populations

ショウニ ガン ナンチセイ トウツウ ノ カンワ ニ カンレン スル イタミ ノ メカニズム ト チンツウヤク

小児がんの子どもが、成長・発達する過程でその子らしく生きていくためには痛みからの解放が不可欠である。痛みの種類と発生メカニズムが理解できると、観察する視点の根拠がわかり、痛みのレベルと推移が予測できる。がん性疼痛や薬剤に関する文献検討から小児がん難治性疼痛の緩和に関連する看護師に必要な知識をまとめた。がんの痛みのほとんどは侵害受容性疼痛であるが、神経因性疼痛については感覚障害や運動障害を伴う痛みと、アロディニアや痛覚過敏の有無で判断する。次に、関連痛の有無を交感神経刺激症状、皮膚の知覚異常、筋収縮、圧痛の部位から判断する等の知識が必要である。Relieving pain is indispensable for letting childhood cancer patients feel and act like themselves in the process of their growth and development. The level of pain and its change can be estimated by understanding the types of pain and the mechanism of its occurrence. Relieving cancer pain depends on the pain\u27s etiology. A review of the literature on cancer‑related pain and analgesic drugs was conducted to acquire the necessary knowledge for the alleviation of intractable childhood cancer pain. Nociceptive pain is the root cause of cancer pain. Neuropathic pain is measured by checking pain levels involving sensory and mobility impairment and any evidence of allodynia or hyperalgesia. The evidence of this referred pain is determined by checking sympathetic nervous symptoms, abnormal skin sensation, muscle contraction, and any areas of tenderness

ショウニ ガン カンジ ノ ペーパー ペイシェント ヲ モチイタ トウツウ ハンダン ト トウツウ カンワ ニ カンスル イシ カンゴシ ノ ニンシキ

小児がんの医療に携わる医師と看護師を対象に、小児がんの疼痛緩和に関する医師・看護師の認識と課題を明らかにすることを目的に、幼児期と思春期のペーパーペイシェントを用いて質問紙調査を行った。その結果、除痛の方法に関して、疼痛の病態や原因を鑑別して患児の苦痛を軽減するために、医師・看護師は試行錯誤しながら治療やケアに取り組んでいる状況が明らかになった。幼児期は、医師は患児への説明に困難を感じており、検査や処置に関連した疼痛緩和の方法として鎮静下での実施を重視し、看護師は遊びやプレパレーション、家族の付添など心理的サポートを重視していた。思春期では、医師・看護師ともに疼痛評価や除痛の難しさを感じており、口内炎による疼痛について含嗽薬や強オピオイドなど薬物投与による予防的関わりを重視していた。相違点として、看護師は薬物投与以外に、クーリングや口腔ケア、食事の工夫を挙げていた。小児がんの疼痛緩和に向けて、他職種と連携を図り協働して取り組むことの重要性、小児がん治療の薬物選択の拡大、がん性疼痛治療ガイドラインの必要性が示唆された。A questionnaire survey was conducted involving physicians and nurses engaged in medical care of childhood cancer cases using paper patients concerning stages in early childhood and puberty, in order to clarify attitudes and issues of physicians and nurses towards pain‑relief in cases of childhood cancer. The results revealed that, regarding the administrative methods for pain‑relief, physicians and nurses applied treatment and care through trial and error in order to distinguish the cause of the clinical condition and relieving the children\u27s pain. In early childhood cases, physicians found it difficult to explain the matter to the children, and thus emphasized administering pain‑relief under sedation as a method associated with a test or procedure. Nurses, on the other hand, emphasized psychological support such as playing, preparation and family attendance. At puberty, both physicians and nurses found difficulty in evaluating the relieving of pain. They emphasized preventative involvement with drug administration such as mouthwashes or potent opioids for pain caused by stomatitis. Nurses also emphasized cooling, oral care, and dietary improvement. These results showed the importance of addressing pain‑relief while coordinating efforts and cooperating with other professionals, drug selection extension in the treatment of childhood cancer cases, and the necessity of guidelines for treating the cancer‑related pain

Genomic epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in a UK university identifies dynamics of transmission

AbstractUnderstanding SARS-CoV-2 transmission in higher education settings is important to limit spread between students, and into at-risk populations. In this study, we sequenced 482 SARS-CoV-2 isolates from the University of Cambridge from 5 October to 6 December 2020. We perform a detailed phylogenetic comparison with 972 isolates from the surrounding community, complemented with epidemiological and contact tracing data, to determine transmission dynamics. We observe limited viral introductions into the university; the majority of student cases were linked to a single genetic cluster, likely following social gatherings at a venue outside the university. We identify considerable onward transmission associated with student accommodation and courses; this was effectively contained using local infection control measures and following a national lockdown. Transmission clusters were largely segregated within the university or the community. Our study highlights key determinants of SARS-CoV-2 transmission and effective interventions in a higher education setting that will inform public health policy during pandemics.</jats:p