Extracción de pectina de las vainas de Moringa oleífera y su aplicación en una mermelada

Se extrajo pectina de las vainas de la Moringa oleífera por el método de hidrólisis ácida obteniéndose un 41% de rendimiento para las vainas verdes a pH 2 y 30% para las secas a pH 3 a 90ºC y 90 minutos en ambos casos. La pectina con mayor rendimiento se caracterizó fisicoquímicamente. Se elaboró la mermelada con la pectina obtenida y se aplicó un análisis sensorial, siendo calificada como excelente. Se concluye que la pectina obtenida es de bajo metoxilo, de gelificación lenta y alta pureza; la misma puede ser aprovechada para la elaboración de mermelada, con buena aceptación sensorial

Aprovechamiento de residuos vegetales para la elaboración de pegamento / Use of vegetable residues to make glue

The vegetable residues were characterized physicochemically and processed obtaining 80.020% yield in dextrin extraction and 10,295% for pectin extraction by acid hydrolysis. Dextrin was characterized qualitatively, resulting in a positive test with iodine and water solubility with the absence of reducing sugars. In the IR spectroscopy the characteristic bands of the dextrin functional groups were observed. The pectin obtained is low methoxy and high esterification. The functional and organoleptic properties of the glue samples were evaluated, the one with 0.25% pectin being the one that presented the best characteristics.Fueron caracterizados fisicoquímicamente y procesados, residuos vegetales, obteniéndose en la extracción un 80,02 % de rendimiento de dextrina y 10,29 % de pectina por hidrólisis ácida. Se caracterizó la dextrina cualitativamente resultando positiva en la prueba con yodo y solubilidad en agua con ausencia de azúcares reductores. Se observaron las bandas características de los grupos funcionales de dextrina por espectroscopía IR. La pectina obtenida es de bajo metoxilo y de alto grado de esterificación. Se evaluaron las propiedades funcionales y organolépticas de las muestras del pegamento producido, siendo la formulada con 0,25 % de pectina la que presentó mejores características. / The vegetable residues were characterized physicochemically and processed obtaining 80.020% yield in dextrin extraction and 10,295% for pectin extraction by acid hydrolysis. Dextrin was characterized qualitatively, resulting in a positive test with iodine and water solubility with the absence of reducing sugars. In the IR spectroscopy the characteristic bands of the dextrin functional groups were observed. The pectin obtained is low methoxy and high esterification. The functional and organoleptic properties of the glue samples were evaluated, the one with 0.25% pectin being the one that presented the best characteristics

Evaluación del bagazo de sábila para la extracción de pectina a escala de laboratorio

Este estudio tiene la finalidad de obtener pectina a partir del bagazo de Sábila para aprovechar los residuos sólidos producto del procesamiento de dicha planta con miras a integrarlos al proceso productivo y beneficiar de esta forma al medio ambiente. Para llevar a cabo esta investigación, se caracterizó el bagazo determinándose humedad (5,92%), cenizas (4,91%), proteína (4,11%), nitrógeno (4,43%), acidez (0,12%), carbono (7,53%), densidad (0,7 g/mL), pH (6,43) y contenido total de pectina (14,98%). Seguidamente, se realizó un diseño de experimentos (factorial multinivel (33)), con el software Statgraphics Centurion XV, para determinar los parámetros para  un máximo rendimiento de pectina, estableciéndose éstos a pH 1,5; temperatura: 90°C y tiempo de 60 minutos., para un rendimiento de 11,45% por cada 10 g de muestra de bagazo seco. En la caracterización fisicoquímica de la pectina extraída se determinó que es soluble en agua y de rápida gelificación, es de alto contenido de metoxilo, y el porcentaje de ácido anhidrourónico indica que es de alta pureza.This study aims to obtain pectin from bagasse Aloe Vera to take advantage of solid waste arising from processing of the plant in order to integrate the production process and thus benefit the environment. To carry out this research, bagasse was characterized determining moisture (5.92%), ash (4.91%), protein (4.11%), nitrogen (4.43%), acidity (0.12% ), carbon (7.53%), density (0.7 g / mL), pH (6.43) and total content of pectin (14.98%). Next, a design of experiments (multi-factorial (33)), with the Statgraphics Centurion XV software was performed to determine the parameters for maximum performance of pectin, establishing them at pH 1.5; temperature: 90 ° C and time of 60 minutes for a yield of 11.45% per 10 g of sample dry bagasse.. In the physicochemical characterization of pectin extracted it is determined that is water soluble and rapid gelation is high methoxyl content, and the percentage of acid anhydrouronic indicates that it is high purity

Weight and height percentiles calculated by the LMS method in Argentinean schoolchildren. A comparative references study

Background: The Argentinean population is characterized by ethnic, cultural and socio-economic diversity. Aim: To calculate the percentiles of weight-for-age (W/A) and height-for-age (H/A) of schoolchildren from Argentina employing the LMS method; and to compare the obtained percentiles with those of the international and national references. Subjects and methods: Anthropometric data of 18 698 students (8672 girls and 10 026 boys) of 3-13 years old were collected (2003-2008) from Buenos Aires, Catamarca, Chubut, Jujuy, La Pampa and Mendoza. Percentiles of W/A and H/A were obtained with the LMS method. Statistical and graphical comparisons were established with the WHO (international reference) and with that published by the Argentinean Paediatric Society (national reference). Results: Differences in W/A and H/A, regarding the references, were negative and greater at the highest percentiles and in most of the age groups. On average, the differences were greater for boys than girls and for national than international references. Conclusion: The distribution of weight and height of schoolchildren, coming from most regions of the country, differs from those of national and international references. It should be advisable to establish a new national reference based on internationally recognized methodological criteria that adequately reflect the biological and cultural diversity of the Argentinean populations.Fil: Oyhenart, Evelia Edith. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET- La Plata. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria ; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo; ArgentinaFil: Lomaglio, Delia Beatriz. Universidad Nacional de Catamarca. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Centro de Estudios de Antropología Biologica; ArgentinaFil: Dahinten, Silvia Lucrecia V.. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico; ArgentinaFil: Bejarano, Ignacio Felipe. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Instituto de Biología de la Altura; ArgentinaFil: Herráez, Ángel. Universidad Complutense de Madrid; EspañaFil: Cesani Rossi, María Florencia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET- La Plata. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria ; ArgentinaFil: Torres, María Fernanda. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET- La Plata. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria ; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras; ArgentinaFil: Luis, María Antonia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo; ArgentinaFil: Quintero, Fabian Anibal. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET- La Plata. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria ; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo; ArgentinaFil: Alfaro Gómez, Emma Laura. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Instituto de Biología de la Altura; ArgentinaFil: Orden, Alicia Bibiana. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Ministerio de Salud. Hospital de Niños "Sor María Ludovica" de La Plata; ArgentinaFil: Bergel Sanchís, María Laura. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET- La Plata. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria ; ArgentinaFil: González Montero de Espinosa, Marisa. Universidad Complutense de Madrid; EspañaFil: Garraza, Mariela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET- La Plata. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria ; ArgentinaFil: Luna, Maria Eugenia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET- La Plata. Instituto de Genética Veterinaria ; ArgentinaFil: Forte, Luis María. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo; ArgentinaFil: Mesa, María S.. Universidad Complutense de Madrid; EspañaFil: Moreno Romero, Susana. Universidad Complutense de Madrid; EspañaFil: López Ejeda, Noemí. Universidad Complutense de Madrid; EspañaFil: Dipierri, Jose Edgardo. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Instituto de Biología de la Altura; ArgentinaFil: Marrodán, María Dolores. Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Españ

Worldwide trends in population-based survival for children, adolescents, and young adults diagnosed with leukaemia, by subtype, during 2000–14 (CONCORD-3): analysis of individual data from 258 cancer registries in 61 countries

Background: Leukaemias comprise a heterogenous group of haematological malignancies. In CONCORD-3, we analysed data for children (aged 0–14 years) and adults (aged 15–99 years) diagnosed with a haematological malignancy during 2000–14 in 61 countries. Here, we aimed to examine worldwide trends in survival from leukaemia, by age and morphology, in young patients (aged 0–24 years). Methods: We analysed data from 258 population-based cancer registries in 61 countries participating in CONCORD-3 that submitted data on patients diagnosed with leukaemia. We grouped patients by age as children (0–14 years), adolescents (15–19 years), and young adults (20–24 years). We categorised leukaemia subtypes according to the International Classification of Childhood Cancer (ICCC-3), updated with International Classification of Diseases for Oncology, third edition (ICD-O-3) codes. We estimated 5-year net survival by age and morphology, with 95% CIs, using the non-parametric Pohar-Perme estimator. To control for background mortality, we used life tables by country or region, single year of age, single calendar year and sex, and, where possible, by race or ethnicity. All-age survival estimates were standardised to the marginal distribution of young people with leukaemia included in the analysis. Findings: 164 563 young people were included in this analysis: 121 328 (73·7%) children, 22 963 (14·0%) adolescents, and 20 272 (12·3%) young adults. In 2010–14, the most common subtypes were lymphoid leukaemia (28 205 [68·2%] patients) and acute myeloid leukaemia (7863 [19·0%] patients). Age-standardised 5-year net survival in children, adolescents, and young adults for all leukaemias combined during 2010–14 varied widely, ranging from 46% in Mexico to more than 85% in Canada, Cyprus, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, and Australia. Individuals with lymphoid leukaemia had better age-standardised survival (from 43% in Ecuador to ≥80% in parts of Europe, North America, Oceania, and Asia) than those with acute myeloid leukaemia (from 32% in Peru to ≥70% in most high-income countries in Europe, North America, and Oceania). Throughout 2000–14, survival from all leukaemias combined remained consistently higher for children than adolescents and young adults, and minimal improvement was seen for adolescents and young adults in most countries. Interpretation: This study offers the first worldwide picture of population-based survival from leukaemia in children, adolescents, and young adults. Adolescents and young adults diagnosed with leukaemia continue to have lower survival than children. Trends in survival from leukaemia for adolescents and young adults are important indicators of the quality of cancer management in this age group

Weaning from mechanical ventilation in intensive care units across 50 countries (WEAN SAFE): a multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study

Background Current management practices and outcomes in weaning from invasive mechanical ventilation are poorly understood. We aimed to describe the epidemiology, management, timings, risk for failure, and outcomes of weaning in patients requiring at least 2 days of invasive mechanical ventilation. Methods WEAN SAFE was an international, multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study done in 481 intensive care units in 50 countries. Eligible participants were older than 16 years, admitted to a participating intensive care unit, and receiving mechanical ventilation for 2 calendar days or longer. We defined weaning initiation as the first attempt to separate a patient from the ventilator, successful weaning as no reintubation or death within 7 days of extubation, and weaning eligibility criteria based on positive end-expiratory pressure, fractional concentration of oxygen in inspired air, and vasopressors. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients successfully weaned at 90 days. Key secondary outcomes included weaning duration, timing of weaning events, factors associated with weaning delay and weaning failure, and hospital outcomes. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03255109. Findings Between Oct 4, 2017, and June 25, 2018, 10 232 patients were screened for eligibility, of whom 5869 were enrolled. 4523 (77·1%) patients underwent at least one separation attempt and 3817 (65·0%) patients were successfully weaned from ventilation at day 90. 237 (4·0%) patients were transferred before any separation attempt, 153 (2·6%) were transferred after at least one separation attempt and not successfully weaned, and 1662 (28·3%) died while invasively ventilated. The median time from fulfilling weaning eligibility criteria to first separation attempt was 1 day (IQR 0–4), and 1013 (22·4%) patients had a delay in initiating first separation of 5 or more days. Of the 4523 (77·1%) patients with separation attempts, 2927 (64·7%) had a short wean (≤1 day), 457 (10·1%) had intermediate weaning (2–6 days), 433 (9·6%) required prolonged weaning (≥7 days), and 706 (15·6%) had weaning failure. Higher sedation scores were independently associated with delayed initiation of weaning. Delayed initiation of weaning and higher sedation scores were independently associated with weaning failure. 1742 (31·8%) of 5479 patients died in the intensive care unit and 2095 (38·3%) of 5465 patients died in hospital. Interpretation In critically ill patients receiving at least 2 days of invasive mechanical ventilation, only 65% were weaned at 90 days. A better understanding of factors that delay the weaning process, such as delays in weaning initiation or excessive sedation levels, might improve weaning success rates

Weaning from mechanical ventilation in intensive care units across 50 countries (WEAN SAFE): a multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study

Background: Current management practices and outcomes in weaning from invasive mechanical ventilation are poorly understood. We aimed to describe the epidemiology, management, timings, risk for failure, and outcomes of weaning in patients requiring at least 2 days of invasive mechanical ventilation. Methods: WEAN SAFE was an international, multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study done in 481 intensive care units in 50 countries. Eligible participants were older than 16 years, admitted to a participating intensive care unit, and receiving mechanical ventilation for 2 calendar days or longer. We defined weaning initiation as the first attempt to separate a patient from the ventilator, successful weaning as no reintubation or death within 7 days of extubation, and weaning eligibility criteria based on positive end-expiratory pressure, fractional concentration of oxygen in inspired air, and vasopressors. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients successfully weaned at 90 days. Key secondary outcomes included weaning duration, timing of weaning events, factors associated with weaning delay and weaning failure, and hospital outcomes. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03255109. Findings: Between Oct 4, 2017, and June 25, 2018, 10 232 patients were screened for eligibility, of whom 5869 were enrolled. 4523 (77·1%) patients underwent at least one separation attempt and 3817 (65·0%) patients were successfully weaned from ventilation at day 90. 237 (4·0%) patients were transferred before any separation attempt, 153 (2·6%) were transferred after at least one separation attempt and not successfully weaned, and 1662 (28·3%) died while invasively ventilated. The median time from fulfilling weaning eligibility criteria to first separation attempt was 1 day (IQR 0-4), and 1013 (22·4%) patients had a delay in initiating first separation of 5 or more days. Of the 4523 (77·1%) patients with separation attempts, 2927 (64·7%) had a short wean (≤1 day), 457 (10·1%) had intermediate weaning (2-6 days), 433 (9·6%) required prolonged weaning (≥7 days), and 706 (15·6%) had weaning failure. Higher sedation scores were independently associated with delayed initiation of weaning. Delayed initiation of weaning and higher sedation scores were independently associated with weaning failure. 1742 (31·8%) of 5479 patients died in the intensive care unit and 2095 (38·3%) of 5465 patients died in hospital. Interpretation: In critically ill patients receiving at least 2 days of invasive mechanical ventilation, only 65% were weaned at 90 days. A better understanding of factors that delay the weaning process, such as delays in weaning initiation or excessive sedation levels, might improve weaning success rates. Funding: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, European Respiratory Society