Determinación del proteoma de la cepa VCG-1 de Plasmodium vivax y caracterización de moléculas candidatas para su inclusión en el desarrollo de una vacuna

Tesis por compendio de publicaciones[EN] Identifying and characterising proteins which use Plasmodium merozoites to invade host cells represents an important strategy for developing a method for controlling these parasites. However, basic P. vivax research has been delayed due to difficulties in propagating it in vitro as the parasite prefers to invade reticulocytes; there is a low percentage of these in adult human peripheral blood (1%-2%) and they are difficult to obtain with high purity, in a sufficient amount and totally viable. Consequently, knowledge is scarce regarding the amount of molecules being expressed by P. vivax and which of them represent good candidates for inclusion in an effective vaccine. This study has been aimed at evaluating the proteome of a primate-adapted P. vivax strain; antigenic molecules able to bind to human reticulocytes have been characterised. Analysing the P. vivax VCG-1 strain proteome led to detecting 734 proteins, some of them essential in key steps for establishing merozoite invasion of target cells. Furthermore, 811 A. nancymaae primate erythrocyte components (vital Plasmodium hosts) were identified; 51 of them were integral membrane proteins, 7 described as Plasmodium receptors. The presence, transcription, expression and antigenicity of genes encoding three P. vivax molecules (PvARP, PvRBSA and PvGAMA) were identified. Particularly interesting was the finding that a higher percentage of PvRBSA and PvGAMA bound to reticulocytes abundantly expressing the CD71 receptor (CD71hi), thereby suggesting that these molecules could be participating in P. vivax merozoite preferential selection for human reticulocytes. This the first study in Colombia which has determined the protein composition of a primate-adapted P. vivax strain as well as A. nancymaae erythrocytes. More importantly, P. vivax molecules were characterised which appear to be suitable candidates for being evaluated as components of a vaccine against malaria caused by the parasite species.[ES] La identificación y caracterización de proteínas que utilizan los merozoitos de Plasmodium para invadir a su célula hospedera, representan una estrategia importante para desarrollar un método de control contra estos parásitos. A pesar de ello, la investigación básica en P. vivax está retrasada por su difícil propagación in vitro, debido a la preferencia que tiene el parásito por invadir reticulocitos, los cuales se encuentran en escaso porcentaje en sangre periférica de humanos adultos (1-2%) y son difíciles de obtener con alta pureza, en suficiente cantidad y totalmente viables. Como consecuencia de lo anterior, el conocimiento del número de moléculas que expresa P. vivax y cuáles de ellas son candidatas para componer una vacuna, es escaso. En este estudio, se evaluó el proteoma de una cepa de P. vivax adaptada a primates y se caracterizaron moléculas antigénicas y con capacidad de adhesión a reticulocitos humanos. En el análisis del proteoma de la cepa VCG-1 de P. vivax, se detectaron 734 proteínas, algunas esenciales en los pasos clave para establecer la invasión del merozoito a su célula diana. Además, se identificaron 811 componentes de eritrocitos (hospederos vitales de Plasmodium) del primate A. nancymaae, de los cuales 51 son proteínas integrales de membrana, 7 descritas como receptores de Plasmodium. Por otro lado, se identificó la presencia, transcripción y expresión de los genes codificantes de tres moléculas de P. vivax: PvARP, PvRBSA y PvGAMA, así como su antigenicidad. De particular interés, se encontró que PvRBSA y PvGAMA se unen en mayor proporción a reticulocitos que expresan el receptor CD71 de forma abundante (CD71hi), lo que sugiere que estas moléculas pueden estar participando en la selección preferencial que tienen los merozoitos de P. vivax por los reticulocitos humanos. Este es el primer estudio en Colombia donde se determina la composición proteica de una cepa de P. vivax adaptada a primates, así como la de eritrocitos de A. nancymaae. Como resultado más importante, se caracterizaron moléculas de P. vivax que son candidatos idóneos a ser evaluados como componentes de una vacuna contra la malaria causada por esta especie parasitaria

Malaria proteomic research

Malaria is one of the main infectious diseases in the world, particularly in tropical and subtropical areas. Among the species that can cause this disease, in recent years P. vivax has been growing due to its own attributes, which make it highly difficult to eradicate. This study was focused on analyzing and identifying the proteome of P. vivax during the blood stage through a mass spectrometry analysis (LC-MS-MS). Results allowed us to identify 743 proteins, of which 522 never had been described before. Furthermore, the comparison of the expression of these proteins with P. vivax transcriptional profile allowed us to corroborate the adaptive change in the P. vivax VCG-1 strain transcriptome, previously described.La malaria sigue siendo una de las principales enfermedades transmisibles del planeta, especialmente en áreas tropicales y subtropicales. Dentro de las diversas especies causantes de esta enfermedad, en los últimos años ha ganado relevancia el estudio de P. vivax debido a sus características propias, que la hacen especialmente difícil de erradicar. En el presente estudio, nos proponemos analizar e identificar las proteínas de la fase hemática de P.vivax mediante cromatografía líquida asociada a espectrometría de masas en tándem (LC-MS-MS). Los resultados del estudio nos permitieron identificar 743 proteínas, de las que 522 no habían sido previamente descritas. Además, la comparación del perfil de expresión de estas proteínas con el perfil transcripcional de P. vivax nos permitió corroborar lo descrito en estudios anteriores: el cambio adaptativo en el perfil transcripcional de la cepa VCG-1 de P. vivax

The DNA load of six high-risk human papillomavirus types and its association with cervical lesions

Background: Analysing human papillomavirus (HPV) viral load is important in determining the risk of developing cervical cancer (CC); most knowledge to date regarding HPV viral load and cervical lesions has been related to HPV-16. This study evaluated the association between the viral load of the six most prevalent high-risk viral types in Colombia and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) frequency. Methods: 114 women without CIN and 59 women having CIN confirmed by colposcopy, all of them positive by conventional PCR for HPV infection in the initial screening, were included in the study. Samples were tested for six high-risk HPV types to determine viral copy number by real-time PCR. Crude and adjusted odds ratios (ORa) were estimated for evaluating the association between each viral type's DNA load and the risk of cervical lesions occurring. Results: The highest viral loads were identified for HPV-33 in CIN patients and for HPV-31 in patients without lesions (9.33 HPV copies, 2.95 interquartile range (IQR); 9.41 HPV copies, 2.58 IQR). Lesions were more frequent in HPV-16 patients having a low viral load (3.53 ORa, 1.16-10.74 95%CI) compared to those having high HPV-16 load (2.62 ORa, 1.08-6.35 95%CI). High viral load in HPV-31 patients was associated with lower CIN frequency (0.34 ORa, 0.15-0.78 95%CI). Conclusions: An association between HPV DNA load and CIN frequency was seen to be type-specific and may have depended on the duration of infection. This analysis has provided information for understanding the effect of HPV DNA load on cervical lesion development.This project was supported by the Basque Development Cooperation Agency, the Spanish International Development Cooperation Agency (AECID) (Project 10-CAP1-0197) and the Colombian Science, Technology and Innovation Department (COLCIENCIAS) (contract # 0709-2013)

Persistence, clearance and reinfection regarding six high risk human papillomavirus types in Colombian women: a follow-up study

Background: The design of new healthcare schemes which involve using molecular HPV screening means that both persistence and clearance data regarding the most prevalent types of HR-HPV occurring in cities in Colombia must be ascertained. Methods: This study involved 219 HPV positive women in all of whom 6 types of HR-HPV had been molecularly identified and quantified; they were followed-up for 2 years. The Kaplan-Meier survival function was used for calculating the time taken for the clearance of each type of HPV. The role of a group of independent variables concerning the time taken until clearance was evaluated using a Cox proportional-hazards regression model or parametric (log-logistic) methods when necessary. Regarding viral load, the Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used for measuring the difference of medians for viral load for each type, according to the state of infection (cleared or persistent). The Kruskal-Wallis test was used for evaluating the change in the women's colposcopy findings at the start of follow-up and at the end of it (whether due to clearance or the end of the follow-up period). Results: It was found that HPV-18 and HPV-31 types had the lowest probability of becoming cleared (1.76 and 2.75 per 100 patients/month rate, respectively). Women from Colombian cities other than Bogota had a greater probability of being cleared if they had HPV-16 (HR 2.58: 1.51-4.4 95% CI) or HPV-58 (1.79 time ratio: 1.33-2.39 95% CI) infection. Regarding viral load, HPV-45-infected women having 1 x 10(6) to 9.99 x 10(9) viral copies had better clearance compared to those having greater viral loads (1.61 time ratio: 1.01-2.57 95% CI). Lower HPV-31 viral load values were associated with this type's persistence and changes in colposcopy findings for HPV-16 gave the worst prognosis in women having low absolute load values. Conclusions: HPV infection clearance in this study was related to factors such as infection type, viral load and the characteristics of the cities from which the women came. Low viral load values would indicate viral persistence and a worse prognosis regarding a change in colposcopy findings

On the Evolution and Function of Plasmodium vivax Reticulocyte Binding Surface Antigen (pvrbsa)

The RBSA protein is encoded by a gene described in Plasmodium species having tropism for reticulocytes. Since this protein is antigenic in natural infections and can bind to target cells, it has been proposed as a potential candidate for an anti-Plasmodium vivax vaccine. However, genetic diversity (a challenge which must be overcome for ensuring fully effective vaccine design) has not been described at this locus. Likewise, the minimum regions mediating specific parasite-host interaction have not been determined. This is why the rbsa gene’s evolutionary history is being here described, as well as the P. vivax rbsa (pvrbsa) genetic diversity and the specific regions mediating parasite adhesion to reticulocytes. Unlike what has previously been reported, rbsa was also present in several parasite species belonging to the monkey-malaria clade; paralogs were also found in Plasmodium parasites invading reticulocytes. The pvrbsa locus had less diversity than other merozoite surface proteins where natural selection and recombination were the main evolutionary forces involved in causing the observed polymorphism. The N-terminal end (PvRBSA-A) was conserved and under functional constraint; consequently, it was expressed as recombinant protein for binding assays. This protein fragment bound to reticulocytes whilst the C-terminus, included in recombinant PvRBSA-B (which was not under functional constraint), did not. Interestingly, two PvRBSA-A-derived peptides were able to inhibit protein binding to reticulocytes. Specific conserved and functionally important peptides within PvRBSA-A could thus be considered when designing a fully-effective vaccine against P. vivax

Transcriptome profiling of gene expression during immunisation trial against Fasciola hepatica : Identification of genes and pathways involved in conferring immunoprotection in a murine model

Background: Fasciolosis remains a significant food-borne trematode disease causing high morbidity around the world and affecting grazing animals and humans. A deeper understanding concerning the molecular mechanisms by which Fasciola hepatica infection occurs, as well as the molecular basis involved in acquiring protection is extremely important when designing and selecting new vaccine candidates. The present study provides a first report of microarray-based technology for describing changes in the splenic gene expression profile for mice immunised with a highly effective, protection-inducing, multi-epitope, subunit-based, chemically-synthesised vaccine candidate against F. hepatica. Methods: The mice were immunised with synthetic peptides containing B- and T-cell epitopes, which are derived from F. hepatica cathepsin B and amoebapore proteins, as novel vaccine candidates against F. hepatica formulated in an adjuvant adaptation vaccination system; they were experimentally challenged with F. hepatica metacercariae. Spleen RNA from mice immunised with the highest protection-inducing synthetic peptides was isolated, amplified and labelled using Affymetrix standardised protocols. Data was then background corrected, normalised and the expression signal was calculated. The Ingenuity Pathway Analysis tool was then used for analysing differentially expressed gene identifiers for annotating bio-functions and constructing and visualising molecular interaction networks. Results: Mice immunised with a combination of three peptides containing T-cell epitopes induced high protection against experimental challenge according to survival rates and hepatic damage scores. It also induced differential expression of 820 genes, 168 genes being up-regulated and 652 genes being down-regulated, p value <0.05, fold change ranging from -2.944 to 7.632. A functional study of these genes revealed changes in the pathways related to nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species production, Interleukin-12 signalling and production in macrophages and Interleukin-8 signalling with up-regulation of S100 calcium-binding protein A8, Matrix metallopeptidase 9 and CXC chemokine receptor 2 genes. Conclusion: The data obtained in the present study provided us with a more comprehensive overview concerning the possible molecular pathways implied in inducing protection against F. hepatica in a murine model, which could be useful for evaluating future vaccine candidates. © 2017 The Author(s)

Babesia bovis: Atualidade do desenvolvimento de uma vacina

Introduction. Babesia bovis is the main causal agent of babesiosis bovine, one important veterinary diseases transmitted by ticks worldwide. Conventional strategies to control this parasitosis have shown several limitations and therefore the development of a vaccine will be an appropriate strategy for prevention and treatment. Objective. To describe relevant aspects of B. bovis parasite's life cycle, the epidemiology, diagnosis, the application of different strategies used to control this parasitosis. In addition, potential points of intervention to develop a vaccine against this parasite has been discussed. Methodology. A search was made using keywords as "Babesia bovis AND lyfe cycle", "B. bovis vaccine and Vaccine candidates" and others. The most relevant studies published to date were completely revised. Results: The details of the B.bovis parasite biology and the molecular process used to cause disease in the host had not been describe in deep; explaining that the development of strategies for the control of this parasitosis have not been entirely efficient. Therefore, it is necessary to design new procedures, for example, to develop new generation vaccines based on a functional approach which improve the animal health conditions. Conclusions. Understand the B. bovise's life cycle complex will allow the host-parasite-tick interactions study and the identification of molecules involved in cell adhesion / invasion to evaluate its usefulness as a vaccine component that controls this parasitosis.Introducción. Babesia bovis es el principal agente causal de la babesiosis bovina, una importante enfermedad veterinaria transmitida por garrapatas a nivel mundial. Las estrategias convencionales para controlar esta parasitosis han presentado múltiples limitaciones por lo que el desarrollo de una vacuna basada en antígenos representa una estrategia apropiada para la prevención y el tratamiento. Objetivo. Describir los aspectos relevantes del ciclo de vida del parásito B. bovis, la epidemiología, diagnóstico y la aplicación de diferentes estrategias usadas para controlar esta parasitosis. Además, se discuten potenciales puntos de intervención para desarrollar una vacuna contra este parásito. Metodología. Se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos usando los términos: “Babesia bovis AND lyfe cycle”, “B. bovis vaccine and Vaccine candidates”, entre otras. Los estudios con mayor pertinencia publicados hasta la actualidad se revisaron completamente. Resultados: Los detalles de la biología de parásito B. bovis y el proceso molecular usado para ocasionar la enfermedad en el hospedador son poco conocidos, lo que explica que el desarrollado de estrategias para el control de esta parasitosis no hayan sido del todo eficientes. Por lo tanto, se requiere diseñar nuevas medidas, por ejemplo, desarrollar vacunas de nueva generación basadas en un enfoque funcional que permitan mejorar las condiciones de sanidad animal. Conclusiones. Comprender el complejo ciclo de vida de B. bovis permitirá estudiar las interacciones huésped-parásito-garrapata e identificar moléculas implicadas en la adhesión/invasión celular para evaluar su utilidad como componente de una vacuna que controle esta parasitosis.Introdução. Babesia bovis é o principal agente causador da babesiose bovina, uma importantedoença veterinária transmitida por carrapatos a nível mundial. As estratégias convencionais para ocontrole das parasitoses têm presentado múltiplas limitações pelo que o desenvolvimento de umavacina baseada em antígenos representa uma estratégia apropriada para a prevenção e o tratamento.Objetivo. Descrever os aspectos relevantes do ciclo de vida do parasita B. bovis, a epidemiologia, diagnostico e aplicação de diferentes estratégias usadas para o controle desta parasitose. Além disso, sãodiscutidos possíveis pontos de intervenção para o desenvolvimento de uma vacina contra o parasita.Metodologia. Uma pesquisa foi realizada nas bases de dados usando os termos: “Babesia bovis ANDlyfe cycle”, “B. bovis vaccine and Vaccine candidates”, entre outras. Os estudos mais relevantes publicados até o momento foram completamente revisados.Resultados. Os detalhes da biologia do parasita B. bovis e o processo molecular usado para causardoenças no hospedeiro é pouco conhecido, o que explica que o desenvolvimento de estratégias para ocontrole desta parasitose não foram completamente eficientes. Portanto, é necessário projetar novasmedidas, por exemplo, desenvolver vacinas de nova geração com base em uma abordagem funcionalque permita melhorar as condições de saúde animal.Conclusões. Compreender o complexo ciclo de vida de B. bovis permitirá estudar as interaçõeshospede–parasita–carrapatos e identificar moléculas envolvidas na adesão/invasão celular para avaliarsua utilidade como componente de uma vacina que controla essa parasitose

Proteínas importantes para la invasión de Babesia bovis a las células huésped

Introduction. Bovine babesiosis is caused by Apicomplexas parasites of the genus Babesia, Babesia bovis being the species associated with the most serious clinical conditions of the disease. B. bovis invasion into the bovine erythrocytes involves the interaction between the parasites merozoites molecules with host cell receptors. Therefore, knowing the proteins involved in the invasion process will enable understanding the parasite biology. Objective. To describe the important molecules involved in the B. bovis invasion process to bovine erythrocytes. Methodology. A search was made on NCBI, Medline, LILACS and SciELO databases using keywords as “Babesia bovis AND invasion process”, “MSA-1”, “RON2”, “AMA-1”, “moving junction”, “B. bovis AND Vaccine candidates”. 61 studies written in English describing the study for proteins that take place during invasion process which have been published until mayo were completely revised. Results. Given that the bovine erythrocyte invasion process is key for the pathogenesis of bovine babesiosis, a review was made where 3 proteins were found to be associated to the recognition and invasion processes of target cells: MSA-1, AMA-1 and RON2. However, the details at molecular level for the inter an intramolecular interaction have not yet been fully elucidated. Conclusions. Study the molecules involved in host-parasite interactions will allow understanding how the B. bovis invasion process to erythrocytes occurs and evaluating their future utility as a component of an effective control strategy for this parasitosis.Introducción. La babesiosis bovina es causada por parásitos Apicomplexa del género Babesia, siendo Babesia bovis la especie asociada con cuadros clínicos más graves de la enfermedad. La invasión de B. bovis a los eritrocitos bovinos implica la interacción entre moléculas de los merozoítos del parásito con receptores de las células huésped. Por ende, conocer las proteínas involucradas en este proceso supone un importante paso para entender la biología del parásito. Objetivo. Describir las principales moléculas implicadas en el proceso de invasión de B. bovis a eritrocitos bovinos. Metodología. Se realizó una búsqueda en NCBI, Medline, LILACS y SciELO usando los términos: “Babesia bovis AND invasion process”, “MSA-1”, “RON2”, “AMA-1”, “moving junction”, “B. bovis AND Vaccine candidates”. 61 publicaciones disponibles en inglés que describen el estudio de las anteriores proteínas y su participación en la invasión los cuales han sido publicados hasta mayo 2020 se revisaron completamente. Resultados: Siendo el proceso de invasión a eritrocitos bovinos clave para la patogénesis de la babesiosis bovina, se hizo una revisión donde se encontraron 3 proteínas de B. bovis que participan en el reconocimiento e invasión a las células diana: MSA-1, AMA-1 y RON2. Sin embargo, los detalles a nivel molecular para las interacciones inter e intramoleculares aún no se han dilucidado por completo. Conclusiones. Conocer las moléculas involucradas en las interacciones parásito-hospedero permitirá comprender cómo ocurre el proceso de invasión de B. bovis a los eritrocitos y así evaluar su futura utilidad como componente de una estrategia de control efectiva contra esta parasitosis

DICER1-associated central nervous system sarcoma: A comprehensive clinical and genomic characterization of case series of young adult patients

Las alteraciones de DICER1 están asociadas con tumores intracraneales en la población pediátrica, incluidos el pineoblastoma, el blastoma hipofisario y el recientemente descrito " sarcoma primario del SNC asociado a DICER1 " (DCS). DCS es un tumor extremadamente agresivo con una firma de metilación distinta y una alta frecuencia de mutaciones concurrentes. Sin embargo, se sabe poco sobre su enfoque de tratamiento y los cambios genómicos que ocurren después de la exposición a la quimiorradioterapia.DICER1 alterations are associated with intracranial tumors in the pediatric population, including pineoblastoma, pituitary blastoma and the recently described "DICER1-associated primary CNS sarcoma" (DCS). DCS is an extremely aggressive tumor with a distinct methylation signature and a high frequency of concurrent mutations. However, little is known about its treatment approach and the genomic changes that occur after exposure to chemoradiotherapy