Partially Quenched QCD with Non-Degenerate Dynamical Quarks

We discuss the importance of using partially quenched theories with three degenerate quarks for extrapolating to QCD, and present some relevant results from chiral perturbation theory.Comment: LATTICE99 talk. 3 pages, 2 figures. Uses epsf and espcrc2.st

Conjuguer l’histoire : Conjoncture et prospective

Futurology often looks like a new undertaking, the object of which would be to give people "the fantastic and marvellous" that every one needs: make one dream of tomorrow. But if the future is an alibi, it must also be a tool for mobilization. Prospective gives then to itself a less emphatic purpose: it is a new way of reading past and present (that is to say to understand history) as to define the prospects which make the future. The future is not determined in a mecanic way. It is the resultant and the expression of different projects (projects of economical groups and classes), which meet, clash inside a complex economic and social formation.In another way, to read history goes with the idea the future is to be made, which only results of classes, struggle, social and international power-relations.The method must unite on one side a way of production trends analysis (abstract time), and a social formation evolution (concrete time). It is a way of thinking which obviously can use traditional technics

Conjuguer l’histoire

Futurology often looks like a new undertaking, the object of which would be to give people "the fantastic and marvellous" that every one needs: make one dream of tomorrow. But if the future is an alibi, it must also be a tool for mobilization. Prospective gives then to itself a less emphatic purpose: it is a new way of reading past and present (that is to say to understand history) as to define the prospects which make the future. The future is not determined in a mecanic way. It is the resultant and the expression of different projects (projects of economical groups and classes), which meet, clash inside a complex economic and social formation.

A correlation of tone matching and pitch discrimination of children in the first grade, and the construction of suitable measuring instruments.

Thesis (M.M.E.)--Boston UniversityI. Problem The primary purpose of this study is to attempt to isolate factors causing uncertain singing in the first grade, and to study what relationship, if any, exists between pitch discrimination and vocal reproduction of sounds, as measured by simple tests, devised for use in this study. The scope is limited to 121 first grade children, during one school year. II. the Research Procedure A study of the available data reveals that the causes of uncertain singing are generally grouped under four main categories. These are: 1) faulty pitch perception, 2) inability of the vocal apparatus to coordinate to a degree so as to reproduce this pitch, 3) Immaturity, and 4) lack of singing experience or insufficient musical background. [TRUNCATED

On systematic errors due to quenching in epsilon-prime over epsilon

Recently, we pointed out that chiral transformation properties of penguin operators change in the transition from unquenched to (partially) quenched QCD. As a consequence, new operators appear in (partially) quenched QCD penguins, introducing ambiguities which should be considered a quenching artifact. Here we discuss more specifically the effects of this phenomenon on the quenched Delta I=1/2 K to pi pi amplitude, and in particular, its potential numerical effect on recent lattice estimates for epsilon-prime over epsilon.Comment: contribution to Lattice2002(matrixel

Staggered Chiral Perturbation Theory and the Fourth-Root Trick

Staggered chiral perturbation theory (schpt) takes into account the "fourth-root trick" for reducing unwanted (taste) degrees of freedom with staggered quarks by multiplying the contribution of each sea quark loop by a factor of 1/4. In the special case of four staggered fields (four flavors, nF=4), I show here that certain assumptions about analyticity and phase structure imply the validity of this procedure for representing the rooting trick in the chiral sector. I start from the observation that, when the four flavors are degenerate, the fourth root simply reduces nF=4 to nF=1. One can then treat nondegenerate quark masses by expanding around the degenerate limit. With additional assumptions on decoupling, the result can be extended to the more interesting cases of nF=3, 2, or 1. A apparent paradox associated with the one-flavor case is resolved. Coupled with some expected features of unrooted staggered quarks in the continuum limit, in particular the restoration of taste symmetry, schpt then implies that the fourth-root trick induces no problems (for example, a violation of unitarity that persists in the continuum limit) in the lowest energy sector of staggered lattice QCD. It also says that the theory with staggered valence quarks and rooted staggered sea quarks behaves like a simple, partially-quenched theory, not like a "mixed" theory in which sea and valence quarks have different lattice actions. In most cases, the assumptions made in this paper are not only sufficient but also necessary for the validity of schpt, so that a variety of possible new routes for testing this validity are opened.Comment: 39 pages, 3 figures. v3: minor changes: improved explanations and less tentative discussion in several places; corresponds to published versio

The improvement of the sanitation services in Moshi (Tanzania). Demand Analysis and Sector Regulation

Following an invitation to tender of the French Foreign Office on research on management of urban waste-water in developing countries, a consortium of institutions from France and Tanzania has been created in 2000. The proposition of the consortium has been accepted; it included a research project on the improvement of the sanitation services in Moshi (Tanzania). This research, presented in this document, was divided into two parts: the first one was the analysis of the households' demand; the second one was about the sector regulation.Sanitation, Regulation, Tanzania, Willingness to pay, Demand,

Institution et recompositions territoriales

Depuis quelques années, on assiste à un véritable mouvement de recomposition des territoires. L’agencement républicain traditionnel (État – département – commune) a été remis en question. Les recompositions territoriales s’inscrivent donc dans le cadre général du processus de décentralisation, amorcé en 1982. Un immense travail législatif a donc été fait à partir de 1998¤: loi sur les intercommunalités du 12 juillet 1999, loi sur la Solidarité et le Renouvellement Urbain (SRU) de 2000, loi d’orientation d’aménagement et de développement du territoire du 21 juin 1999. Ces recompositions sont, pour une large part, une réponse à la crise de l’État dans le cadre des nouvelles donnes générées par l’internationalisation des échanges et par la globalisation. Mais elles se veulent aussi porteuses de formes nouvelles de démocratie de proximité. En ce sens, elles présentent une rupture avec la conception traditionnelle de l’État, méfiant à l’égard des pouvoirs locaux suspects d’être des contre-pouvoirs et cantonnés dans un rôle gestionnaire. Les recompositions territoriales s’inscrivent donc dans une double perspective¤: l’efficacité gestionnaire et l’avancée démocratique.For a few years now we have been witnessing a real impulse toward a complete reorganization of the territories inside France. The traditional Republican distribution of constituencies (State, departments, communes) has been called into question. The reorganization of territorial constituencies falls within the scope of a general process of decentralization initiated in 1982. A tremendous legislative work is under way since 1998: law on the intermunicipal links of July 12 1999, law on solidarity and urban renewal (SRU) in 2000, blueprint law for territorial development of June 21 1999. Such reallocations are mainly a response to the State crisis in the new situation brought about by the internationalization of exchanges and globalization. But also the changes are meant to promote new forms of local democracy. In that scope, they break away from the traditional conception of a State distrustful of local powers which are seen as potential opposition forces and are restricted to a role of management. Territorial reorganizations are to be seen from a double viewpoint: management efficiency and democratic progress

Rôle des entreprises multinationales dans la concurrence des territoires

La concurrence des territoires n'est pas un processus nouveau. Mais sa nature a fondamentalement changé avec la globalisation de l'économie. Dans les années 1970 et 1980 les territoires sont entrés en compétition pour attirer les entreprises, faisant des atouts de leurs différences. D'une politique d'aménagement du territoire visant à gommer les différences et les inégalités, on est passé à des politiques d'aménagement des territoires qui vont de pair avec la décentralisation et la régionalisation. La multinationalisation des firmes, qui cherche à s'affranchir des règles nationales, a généré ce processus de concurrence des territoires dont elle tire avantage. L'ouverture des frontières peut être dévastatrice pour les économies les moins préparées et mettre en péril des Etats ne pouvant plus jouer leur rôle de régulation et, par là même, leur avenir démocratique. C'est un enjeu crucial pour les pays du sud de la Méditerranée dans la perspective de la création de la zone de libre-échange avec l'Union européenne.Competition between territories is not a recent phenomenon. But its nature has been profoundly altered by the globalisation of the economy. In the 1970s and 1980s, territories vied with each other to attract businesses, presenting their differences as advantages. What began as a policy of regional development aiming to level out differences and inequalities turned into policies of development from one region to the other going hand in hand with decentralisation and regionalisation. The multinationalisation of companies seeking to extract themselves from national rules brought about this process of inter-regional competition and profits from it. The opening of frontiers could be devastating for those economies which are the least prepared, and could endanger states no longer able to regulate such developments; this could even put at risk their future as democracies. This is a crucial factor for southern Mediterranean countries faced with the creation of a free-trade zone with the European Union

Recent results on light hadron and quark masses

Recent results for the spectrum of light hadrons provide clear evidence for the failure of quenched QCD and encouraging signs that simulations with dynamical sea quarks rectify some of the discrepancies, although string breaking has not yet been observed. The use of perturbation theory to match lattice quark masses to continuum schemes remains questionable, but non-perturbative methods are poised to remove this uncertainty. The inclusion of dynamical sea quarks substantially reduces estimates of the light quark masses. New results for the lightest glueball and the lightest exotic hybrid state provide useful input to phenomenology, but still have limited or no treatment of mixing. The $O(a)$-improved Wilson quark action is well-established in quenched QCD for $\beta\geq 5.7$, with most parameters obtainable non-perturbatively, in which range scaling violations are small. Progress has also been made with high-order improvement schemes for both Wilson and staggered quarks.Comment: LATTICE98(Plenary Talk