11,774 research outputs found
Counterions at charge-modulated substrates
We consider counterions in the presence of a single planar surface with a
spatially inhomogeneous charge distribution using Monte-Carlo simulations and
strong-coupling theory. For high surface charges, multivalent counterions, or
pronounced substrate charge modulation the counterions are laterally correlated
with the surface charges and their density profile deviates strongly from the
limit of a smeared-out substrate charge distribution, in particular exhibiting
a much increased laterally averaged density at the surface.Comment: 7 page
Counterions at Charged Cylinders: Criticality and universality beyond mean-field
The counterion-condensation transition at charged cylinders is studied using
Monte-Carlo simulation methods. Employing logarithmically rescaled radial
coordinates, large system sizes are tractable and the critical behavior is
determined by a combined finite-size and finite-ion-number analysis. Critical
counterion localization exponents are introduced and found to be in accord with
mean-field theory both in 2 and 3 dimensions. In 3D the heat capacity shows a
universal jump at the transition, while in 2D, it consists of discrete peaks
where single counterions successively condense.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures; submitted to Phys. Rev. Lett. (2005
Sampling system for wheat (Triticum aestivum L) area estimation using digital LANDSAT MSS data and aerial photographs
A procedure to estimate wheat (Triticum aestivum L) area using sampling technique based on aerial photographs and digital LANDSAT MSS data is developed. Aerial photographs covering 720 square km are visually analyzed. To estimate wheat area, a regression approach is applied using different sample sizes and various sampling units. As the size of sampling unit decreased, the percentage of sampled area required to obtain similar estimation performance also decreased. The lowest percentage of the area sampled for wheat estimation with relatively high precision and accuracy through regression estimation is 13.90% using 10 square km as the sampling unit. Wheat area estimation using only aerial photographs is less precise and accurate than those obtained by regression estimation
Irrigated rice area estimation using remote sensing techniques: Project's proposal and preliminary results
The development of a methodology for annual estimates of irrigated rice crop in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, using remote sensing techniques is proposed. The project involves interpretation, digital analysis, and sampling techniques of LANDSAT imagery. Results are discussed from a preliminary phase for identifying and evaluating irrigated rice crop areas in four counties of the State, for the crop year 1982/1983. This first phase involved just visual interpretation techniques of MSS/LANDSAT images
Monovalent counterion distributions at highly charged water interfaces: Proton-transfer and Poisson-Boltzmann theory
Surface sensitive synchrotron-X-ray scattering studies reveal the
distributions of monovalent ions next to highly charged interfaces. A lipid
phosphate (dihexadecyl hydrogen-phosphate) was spread as a monolayer at the
air-water interface, containing CsI at various concentrations. Using anomalous
reflectivity off and at the Cs resonance, we provide, for the first
time, spatial counterion distributions (Cs) next to the negatively charged
interface over a wide range of ionic concentrations. We argue that at low salt
concentrations and for pure water the enhanced concentration of hydroniums
HO at the interface leads to proton-transfer back to the phosphate
group by a high contact-potential, whereas high salt concentrations lower the
contact-potential resulting in proton-release and increased surface
charge-density. The experimental ionic distributions are in excellent agreement
with a renormalized-surface-charge Poisson-Boltzmann theory without fitting
parameters or additional assumptions
Liquid Crystals in Electric Field
We present a general theory of electric field effects in liquid crystals
where the dielectric tensor depends on the orientation order. As applications,
we examine (i) the director fluctuations in nematic states in electric field
for arbitrary strength of the dielectric anisotropy and (ii) deformation of the
nematic order around a charged particle. Some predictions are made for these
effects.Comment: 9pages, 2figure
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