ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES IN LATENCY IN DIABETIC RETINOPATHY: AN OBSERVATIONAL STUDY

Purpose: Multifocal ERG is a useful indicator of diabetic retinopathy. The significant delay in local responses provides a chance for the detection and understanding of the various stages of diabetic retinopathy. Materials and Methods: This is a cross sectional study conducted in ERG clinic at M & J Western regional institute of ophthalmology, Ahmedabad from January 2013 to September 2015 who were more than 35yrs of age. Results: In our study, we studied 45 eyes of diabetic patients and 20 eyes of normal subjects. In our study the mean values of the various parameters was calculated in the control group with N1, P1 and N2 latency being 14.09ms. 29,76ms and 45.55ms respectively. The N1, P1 and N2 amplitude was found to be 31.52nV, 73.61nV and 90.38nV respectively. The maximum delay in N1, P1 and N2 latency was seen to be 3.24ms, 7.11ms and 8.40ms respectively from the normal value. We also found a decrease in amplitude of the ERG waveform with N1, P1 and N2 amplitude being 20.98nV, 61.48nV and 76.4nV respectively from the normal value. Also it is helpful in cases with clinically significant macular edema where responses are remarkably delayed suggesting local retinal dysfunction and macular pathology. It provides us information regarding the condition of the macula and some ideas about the extent of ischemia affecting this area. Conclusion: In conclusion, we can say that the delayed responses obtained indicate abnormal retinal function corresponding to local discrete retinal lesions. It provides a very sensitive and objective assessment of the local retinal condition in various stages of diabetic retinopathy. KEYWORDS: Diabetes mellitus; Diabetic retinopathy; Multifocal electroretinogram

ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES IN LATENCY IN DIABETIC RETINOPATHY: AN OBSERVATIONAL STUDY

Purpose: Multifocal ERG is a useful indicator of diabetic retinopathy. The significant delay in local responses provides a chance for the detection and understanding of the various stages of diabetic retinopathy. Materials and Methods: This is a cross sectional study conducted in ERG clinic at M & J Western regional institute of ophthalmology, Ahmedabad from January 2013 to September 2015 who were more than 35yrs of age. Results: In our study, we studied 45 eyes of diabetic patients and 20 eyes of normal subjects. In our study the mean values of the various parameters was calculated in the control group with N1, P1 and N2 latency being 14.09ms. 29,76ms and 45.55ms respectively. The N1, P1 and N2 amplitude was found to be 31.52nV, 73.61nV and 90.38nV respectively. The maximum delay in N1, P1 and N2 latency was seen to be 3.24ms, 7.11ms and 8.40ms respectively from the normal value. We also found a decrease in amplitude of the ERG waveform with N1, P1 and N2 amplitude being 20.98nV, 61.48nV and 76.4nV respectively from the normal value. Also it is helpful in cases with clinically significant macular edema where responses are remarkably delayed suggesting local retinal dysfunction and macular pathology. It provides us information regarding the condition of the macula and some ideas about the extent of ischemia affecting this area. Conclusion: In conclusion, we can say that the delayed responses obtained indicate abnormal retinal function corresponding to local discrete retinal lesions. It provides a very sensitive and objective assessment of the local retinal condition in various stages of diabetic retinopathy. KEYWORDS: Diabetes mellitus; Diabetic retinopathy; Multifocal electroretinogram

Smart Android Application for blind people based on object Detection

Abstract: We are detecting an object using the mobile camera and giving voice instructions about the direction of an object. User must have to train the system first regarding the object information. We are then doing feature extraction to search for objects in the camera view. We are taking help of angle where object is placed to give direction about the object. An Android application that warns the smartphone user from obstacles way. The camera of the phone is enough and no special hardware, ensuring that it requires minimal effort from the user to use the application during everyday life

EMPLOYEE DATA MINING BASED ON TEXT AND IMAGE PROCESSING.

Employees of any company need to know whether their employees are happy or sad or they have any problem in their working environment. There should be some mechanism to handle this information about the employee. Employee chatting messages could be analyzed using sentiment analysis and employee mood detection is retrieved based on text analysis. Also, Employee facial expressions can be detected using Image Processing on employee images taken through Web Camera while an employee is chatting with colleagues. Using Image Processing, Emotion of employee such as Happy, Angry, Sad or Normal is detected. Employee analysis report is shown to company management to find whether the employee is satisfied with company or employee is facing some problem in the working environment

EMPLOYEE DATA MINING BASED ON TEXT AND IMAGE PROCESSING

Employees of any company need to know whether their employees are happy or sad or they have any problem in their working environment. There should be some mechanism to handle this information about the employee. Employee chatting messages could be analyzed using sentiment analysis and employee mood detection is retrieved based on text analysis. Also, Employee facial expressions can be detected using Image Processing on employee images taken through Web Camera while an employee is chatting with colleagues. Using Image Processing, Emotion of employee such as Happy, Angry, Sad or Normal is detected. Employee analysis report is shown to company management to find whether the employee is satisfied with company or employee is facing some problem in the working environment

Ultrahigh sensitive graphene oxide/conducting polymer composite based biosensor for cholesterol and bilirubin detection

Methods for detecting life-threatening diseases like cardiac arrest and arrhythmias are urgently required that are affordable and selective. The creation of nanocomposite based on graphene oxide, zinc oxide, polypyrrole, and polyaniline is one embodiment of the current disclosure. The nanocomposite of the present invention has highly enhanced the detection sensitivity of cholesterol and bilirubin. The dispersion of components in 1 (M) sulphuric acid is used to generate nanocomposite using the direct mixing technique. Glassy carbon electrodes are employed as the substrate material in the fabrication of nanocomposite-based biosensors. The sensor has demonstrated sensitivity of 0.92 μA μM−1 cm−2 and 0.2 μA μM−1 cm−2 for the detection of cholesterol and bilirubin, respectively. The innovative technology has enhanced lower detection limits, lower quantification limits, and good selectivity, among other things. In comparison to existing reports, the developed sensor has demonstrated greater sensitivity for the detection of cholesterol and bilirubin. As a result, the composite platform is ideal for the creation of high-sensitivity biosensors for a wide range of biomarkers

Determinants of complementary feeding practices among children aged 6–24 months in urban slums of Pune, Maharashtra, in India

Abstract Background Inequalities in child feeding practices are evident in urban slums in developing nations. Our study identified the determinants of complementary feeding (CF) practices in the informal settings of Pune, India, a district close to the business capital of India. Methods Employing a cross-sectional study design, 1066 mother–children dyads were surveyed. Five indicators defined by the WHO were used to study complementary feeding practices. Determinants of complementary feeding practices were identified using multivariate analyses. Results Timely initiation of CF was reported by 42%. Minimum acceptable diet (MAD), minimum meal frequency (MMF), and Diet Diversity Score > 4 were achieved by 14.9%, 76.5%, and 16.4%, respectively. Continued breastfeeding (CBF) at 2 years, and feeding processed foods were practiced by 94% and 50%, respectively. Among the maternal characteristics, a mother’s age > 30 years at pregnancy was less likely to achieve DD [AOR: 0.195 (CI 0.047–0.809)] and MAD [AOR: 0.231 (CI 0.056–0.960)]. Mothers with lower education were less likely to meet MMF [AOR: 0.302 (0.113–0.807)], MAD [AOR: 0.505 (CI 0.295–0.867)] and to introduce formula feeds (FF) [AOR: 0.417 (0.193- 0.899)]. Among obstetric characteristics, birth spacing < 33 months was less likely to achieve DD [AOR: 0.594 (CI 0.365–0.965)] and CBF [AOR: 0.562 (CI: 0.322–0.982)]. Receiving IYCF counseling only during postnatal care hindered the timely initiation of CF [AOR: 0.638 (0.415–0.981)]. Very Low Birth Weight increased the odds of achieving DD [AOR: 2.384 (1.007–5.644)] and MAD [AOR: 2.588(CI: 1.054–6.352)], while low birth weight increased the odds of children being introduced to processed foods [AOR: 1.370 (CI: 1.056–1.776)]. Concerning socio-economic status, being above the poverty line increased the odds of achieving MMF, [AOR: 1.851 (1.005–3.407)]. Other backward castes showed higher odds of achieving MAD [AOR: 2.191 (1.208–3.973)] and undisclosed caste in our study setting decreased the odds of FF [AOR: 0.339 (0.170–0.677)]. Bottle feeding interfered with MMF [AOR: 0.440 (0.317–0.611)] and CBF [AOR: 0.153 (0.105–0.224)]. Conclusion Investing in maternal education and IYCF counseling during both ANC and PNC to provide nutritious complementary foods alongside addressing poverty should be a national priority to prevent the double burden of undernutrition at an early age in informal settings

Resistive switching and synaptic properties modifications in gallium-doped zinc oxide memristive devices

The massively parallel computing capabilities of the human brain can be mimicked with the help of neuromorphic computing approach and this can be achieved by developing the electronic synaptic device. In the present work, we have synthesized gallium-doped ZnO thin films using a cost-effective hydrothermal method and characterized the thin films using field-emission scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Furthermore, gallium-doped ZnO memristive devices were developed using standard procedure and electrically characterized for the neuromorphic application. In particular, resistive switching and synaptic properties of gallium-doped ZnO thin films were investigated. The bipolar resistive switching with an analog memory like behavior was observed in the developed memristive devices. In the present case, good synaptic properties, endurance, and retention characteristics were observed for 0.5% Ga doped memristive device. Our results suggested that the synaptic weight, potentiation-depression, and symmetric Hebbian learning can be tuned with properly engineering the ZnO memristive device with appropriate gallium doping. The detailed analysis of I-V results suggested that resistive switching is occurred due to Ohmic and Schottky conduction mechanisms. Keywords: Memristive device, Resistive switching, Gallium doped ZnO, Electronic synapse, Potentiation and depression, Hebbian learnin