San Adrian: Brontze Aroko aztarnategi berria Iberiar penintsulako iparraldean San Adrian: a new site of the Bronze Age in the north of the Iberian peninsula

Resumen: La investigación sobre la Edad del Bronce en la región cantábrica se ha centrado tradicionalmente en el estudio de objetos de prestigio y de contextos funerarios, dando lugar a un estado de la cuestión con importantes lagunas acerca del poblamiento, las actividades cotidianas y las estrategias de subsistencia de los grupos humanos durante este período. En este artículo presentamos las evidencias recuperadas en el yacimiento de San Adrian (Sierra de Aizkorri, Gipuzkoa), cuya excavación ha permitido reconstruir aspectos relativos a los modos de vida, la base económica, la cultura material y el contexto medioambiental de una serie de ocupaciones de la Edad del Bronce. Los resultados preliminares revelan la existencia de ocupaciones de hábitat periódicas y la explotación de recursos procedentes del Valle del Ebro y de la costa atlántica, contribuyendo a reconstruir los modos de vida y la circulación de bienes cotidianos en el norte de la península ibérica.Abstract: Bronze Age studies carried out in the Cantabrian Region have traditionally focused on prestige goods and funerary contexts. As a result of this, the lack of information about daily activities, subsistence strategies, and human settlement on a regional scale is evident in the state of art. However, current research has achieved new discoveries in recent years, allowing a reconstruction of some aspects of the economic structure, settlements, material culture and the palaeoenvironment during the Bronze Age. Indeed, besides the funerary practices discovered in 1983 in San Adrian (Parztuergo Nagusia, Gipuzkoa), research has now revealed the presence of Upper Palaeolithic and Early Bronze Age occupations. This paper presents a first characterization of the retrieved evidence and a preliminary evaluation of the archaeological site and its environment. San Adrian is a tunnel-shaped cave located at 1,000 meters a.s.l. in the Aizkorri mountain range, opening a passage beneath the Atlantic-Mediterranean watershed in northern Iberia. The strategic character of this mountain site is demonstrated by the presence of Upper Palaeolithic and Bronze Age occupations, and by the construction of a road passing through it and the fortification of both its entrances in the Middle Ages. The aim of the archaeological survey started in 2008 was to identify, describe and evaluate the heritage potential of the cave, because previous fieldwork had only managed to make surface finds in the side galleries, including a medieval hoard and Bronze Age human remains. The work carried out by our research group at San Adrian includes a series of test pits and the excavation of an area nine square metres in size following stratigraphic criteria. In the current state, we identified at least two contexts corresponding to Late Upper Palaeolithic and Bronze Age occupations in the cave. Fieldwork included the sieving and flotation of sediment and the collection of samples for different types of analysis: palynology, carpology, sedimentology, and radiocarbon dating. The evidence is being studied by a multidisciplinary team according to expertise requirements for each topic: palaeobotany and environment, archaeozoology, sedimentology, geology, physical anthropology, prehistoric industries (lithics, pottery and bone) and archaeological and historical documentation. Because of its recent discovery, Upper Palaeolithic evidence remains still under study, but first results on Bronze Age layers can be presented. The ongoing archaeobotanical and archaeozoological studies reveal the exploitation of domestic plants and fauna complemented by hunting and foraging of wild species. At the same time, the archaeological artefacts and their production sequences show the exploitation of nearby resources on both sides of the mountain range, while prestige goods are absent. This evidence is also used to estimate the regularity of cave occupations and to propose a model of seasonal exploitation of the mountain environment. The results obtained reveal the exploitation of resources from both the Mediterranean and Atlantic basins, and contribute towards an understanding of the daily activities of Bronze Age societies. In addition, the evidence shows the exchange and circulation of quotidian products between the Cantabrian region and inland Iberia in other networks than those of prestige goods

All-cause mortality in the cohorts of the Spanish AIDS Research Network (RIS) compared with the general population: 1997Ł2010

Abstract Background: Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has produced significant changes in mortality of HIVinfected persons. Our objective was to estimate mortality rates, standardized mortality ratios and excess mortality rates of cohorts of the AIDS Research Network (RIS) (CoRIS-MD and CoRIS) compared to the general population. Methods: We analysed data of CoRIS-MD and CoRIS cohorts from 1997 to 2010. We calculated: (i) all-cause mortality rates, (ii) standardized mortality ratio (SMR) and (iii) excess mortality rates for both cohort for 100 personyears (py) of follow-up, comparing all-cause mortality with that of the general population of similar age and gender. Results: Between 1997 and 2010, 8,214 HIV positive subjects were included, 2,453 (29.9%) in CoRIS-MD and 5,761 (70.1%) in CoRIS and 294 deaths were registered. All-cause mortality rate was 1.02 (95% CI 0.91-1.15) per 100 py, SMR was 6.8 (95% CI 5.9-7.9) and excess mortality rate was 0.8 (95% CI 0.7-0.9) per 100 py. Mortality was higher in patients with AIDS, hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-infection, and those from CoRIS-MD cohort (1997. Conclusion: Mortality among HIV-positive persons remains higher than that of the general population of similar age and sex, with significant differences depending on the history of AIDS or HCV coinfection

Prozercon davidi Moraza, 2006, n. sp.

<i>Prozercon davidi</i> n. sp. <p>(Figs 1–3)</p> <p> <i>Types</i></p> <p> Holotype female: SPAIN, Navarra, Barranco de Minchate (Navarra), UTM: 30TXN6951, from leaf litter and soil of a beech forest (<i>Fagus sylvatica</i>), altitude 925 m., 10.VI.1990, C. Escala et col. Leg. Paratypes: six females, three males, six deutonymphs and one protonymph from the same locality and date as the holotype; one female and one male, from soil of prairie (felled beech forest), altitude 890 m., of the same locality and date as the holotype (deposited in MZUNAV).</p> <p> <i>Diagnosis</i></p> <p> Setae <i>r1</i> smooth. Peritrematal shield with postero lateral tips reaching the bases of marginal setae <i>R2</i>. Podonotal central and submarginal setae smooth except <i>j1, z6</i> and <i>s5</i>; marginal podonotal setae plumose, including <i>s2</i>. Opisthonotal setae <i>S2</i> smooth and thin, shorter than <i>Z1</i>; marginal setae <i>S1</i> and <i>R1–R7</i> smooth, thick and short; other opisthonotal setae densely plumose. Bases of setae <i>J3</i>, <i>J4</i> and <i>Z4</i> horizontally, at the same level; tips of setae <i>J1–J2</i>, <i>Z1–Z2</i> and <i>S2–S3</i> do not reach the bases of the following setae.</p> <p> <i>Description</i></p> <p> <b>FEMALE.</b> Length of idiosoma 353 μm, width 302μm.</p> <p> <b>Dorsum</b> (Fig. 1). Podonotal shield with 22 pairs of setae: setae <i>j2–j6</i>, <i>z2</i>, <i>z4–z5</i>, <i>s1</i>, <i>s4</i> smooth, short and needle­like; setae <i>z6</i>, <i>s2</i> and <i>s5</i> slightly pilose; <i>j1</i>, <i>z3</i>, <i>s3</i>, <i>s6</i>, <i>r2–r5</i> densely plumose; setae <i>z3</i> markedly elongated. Glands <i>gds1</i> (po1) in the area <i>j3–s1–s2</i>; <i>gdj4</i> on the line connecting <i>j4–z4</i>; <i>gds4</i> paraxial to the line connecting <i>s4–s5</i>. Podonotal shield with a reticulate pattern. Opisthonotal shield with 33 pairs of setae: setae <i>S2</i> simple, smooth, needle­like; marginal setae <i>S1</i>, <i>R1–R7</i> smooth, short, slightly thickened and pointed; other setae densely plumose, brush­like. Setae <i>J4</i> located on the line connecting <i>J3</i> and <i>Z4</i>, at the same level as <i>J5</i>; Setae <i>Z1</i> and <i>S2</i> located close together; tips of setae <i>J1</i> and <i>J2</i> do not reach the bases of the following setae; setae <i>J5</i> with tips reaching the posterior margin of the shield; setae <i>S3</i> and <i>S4</i> extending beyond the margin of the shield. Glands <i>gdZ1</i> (Po1) outside the line connecting <i>Z1</i> and <i>Z2</i>; glands <i>gdZ3</i> (Po3) outside the line connecting <i>Z3</i> and <i>Z4</i>, closer to bases of <i>Z3</i>; <i>gdS4</i> (Po4) outside the bases of setae <i>Z4</i>, between setae <i>R6</i> and <i>R7</i>. Dorsal fossae equal in size and distinct. Opisthonotal shield with distinct small pits. Length of the opisthonotal setae and distance between setal bases within longitudinal I­, Z­, and S­rows as follows (measurements in μm): <i>J1</i> (23), <i>J2</i> (26), <i>J3</i> = <i>J4</i> = <i>J5</i> (32), <i>Z1</i> = <i>Z2</i> (21), <i>Z3</i> (32), <i>Z4</i> (34), <i>Z5</i> (28), <i>S1</i> = <i>R1</i> (7), S2 (15), <i>S3</i> (26), S4 = <i>S5</i> (30), <i>R2–R7</i> (7–4); J1–J2 (49), J2–J3 (34), J3–J4 (23), J4–J5 (26), Z1–Z2 (26), Z2–Z3 (32), Z3–Z4 (21), Z4–Z5 (64), S2–S3(47); S3–S4 (32), S4–S5 (43).</p> <p> <b>Venter</b> (Fig. 2). Peritrematal shields with postero­lateral tips reaching between setae <i>R2­R3</i> and with a fine reticulation. Anterior margin of ventrianal shield with one pair of setae and distinct reticulation in the anterior region. Postanal seta longer than other ventral setae and pilose; euanal setae vestigial. Setae <i>Jv5</i> similar in shape to other dorsal setae, and located on the dorsal shield.</p> <p> <b>MALE</b>. Length of idiosoma 273 μm, width 226 μm.</p> <p> Dorsum similar to female. Sternogenital shield (Fig. 3) with unscleroticed region between setae <i>st1</i> and <i>st2</i>; posterior region, at level of endopodals IV, almost separate from the rest of the shield, setae <i>st5</i> absent. Peritrematal shield with posterolateral tips reaching setae <i>R7</i> and fused with ventrianal shield; with seven pairs of ventral setae, euanal setae vestigial.</p> <p> <i>Notes</i></p> <p> The new species is closely related to <i>Pr. fimbriatus</i> (C.L. Koch, 1839) and <i>Pr. rafalskii</i> Błaszak, 1971. <i>P. fimbriatus</i> also has podonotal setae <i>s5</i> and <i>z6</i> pilose, but <i>S2</i> is nearly half the length of plumose setae <i>Z1</i>, setae “J” are longer, their tips reaching the bases of the following setae, and an additional medial setae <i>Jx</i> is usually present. In <i>Pr. rafalskii</i>, setae <i>s2</i>, <i>s5</i> and <i>z6</i> are pilose as well as <i>S2</i> (nearly equal in length to <i>Z1</i>), and <i>J4</i> are on the line connecting <i>J3</i> and <i>J5</i>.</p> <p> <i>Derivatio nominis</i></p> <p>The name of the species refers to David Galicia, colleague and dear friend.</p>Published as part of <i>Moraza, María Lourdes, 2006, New species of zerconid mites from southern Europe and the Macaronesian region (Acari: Mesostigmata: Zerconidae), pp. 1-15 in Zootaxa 1255</i> on pages 2-4, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/173074">10.5281/zenodo.173074</a&gt

Prozercon masani Moraza, 2006, n. sp.

<i>Prozercon masani</i> n. sp. <p>(Figs 4–6)</p> <p> <i>Types</i></p> <p> Holotype female: SPAIN, Navarra, Aróstegui (Valle de Atez), Monte Azcorreta, UTM: 30TXN05, from litter and soil of a reforested pine forest (<i>Pinus nigra</i>), altitude 550 m., 11.VI.1986, Paratypes: one female, two males, three deutonymphs and one larva from the same locality and date as the holotype (deposited in MZUNAV).</p> <p> <i>Diagnosis</i></p> <p> Setae <i>r1</i> on lateropeltidial shield apically serrate (Fig. 5 a). Peritrematal shield with postero­lateral tips reaching the bases of marginal setae <i>R2</i>. Podonotal central and submarginal setae smooth except <i>j1, z6</i> and <i>s5</i>; marginal podonotal setae plumose, including setae <i>s2</i> and lateropeltidial <i>r3</i> (Fig. 5 b); setae <i>r4</i> shorter than <i>r5</i> and similar to <i>r2</i>. Opisthonotal setae <i>S2</i> plumose and similar in length and shape to <i>Z1</i>; marginal setae <i>S1</i> and <i>R1–R7</i> smooth and short; other opisthonotal setae densely plumose. Bases of setae <i>J4</i> are on the line connecting <i>J3</i> and <i>J5</i>; tips of setae <i>J3, J4</i>, <i>Z3</i> and <i>Z4</i> reach the bases of the following setae.</p> <p> <i>Description</i></p> <p> <b>FEMALE.</b> Length of idiosoma 327–363 μm, width 239–266 μm.</p> <p> <b>Dorsum</b> (Fig. 4). Podonotal shield with 22 pairs of setae: setae <i>j2–j6</i>, <i>z2</i>, <i>z4–z5</i>, <i>s1</i>, <i>s4</i> smooth, short and needle­like; setae <i>z6</i>, <i>s2</i> and <i>s5</i> and other marginal podonotal setae densely plumose; setae <i>z3</i> similar in length to <i>s3</i>. Glands <i>gds1</i> (po1) close to setae <i>s1</i>; <i>gdj4</i> on the line connecting <i>j4–z4</i>, closer to <i>z</i> 4; <i>gds4</i> paraxial to the line connecting <i>s4–s5</i>. Podonotal shield with a scaly pattern. Opisthonotal shield with 33 pairs of setae: setae <i>S2</i> plumose, similar to setae <i>Z1</i>; marginal setae <i>S1</i>, <i>R1–R7</i> smooth, short, slightly thickened and pointed; other setae densely plumose (Fig. 5 c), brush­like. Setae <i>Z1</i> and <i>S2</i> located close together, <i>S2</i> at the same level as <i>Z1</i> or slightly anterior; tips of setae <i>J1</i> and <i>J2</i> do not reach the bases of the following setae; setae <i>J5</i> short, with tips not reaching the posterior margin of the shield; setae <i>J4</i> on the line connecting <i>J3</i> and <i>J5</i>; setae <i>S3</i> and <i>S4</i> extending beyond margin of shield. Opisthonotal glands large, conspicuous; glands <i>gdZ1</i> (Po1) on the line connecting <i>Z1</i> and <i>Z2</i>; glands <i>gdZ3</i> (Po3) outside the line connecting <i>Z3</i> and <i>Z4</i>; <i>gdS4</i> (Po4) on the line connecting <i>Z4–S5</i>. Dorsal fossae equal in size, distinct, in depressions in the dorsal shield. Opisthonotal shield with large distinct pits. Length of the opisthonotal setae and distance between setal bases within longitudinal I­, Z­, and S­rows as follows (measurements in μm): <i>J1–J4</i> (19), <i>J5</i> (15), <i>Z1</i> (13), <i>Z2–Z3</i> (21), <i>Z4–Z5</i> (34), <i>S1</i> = <i>R1</i> (7), S2 (15), <i>S3 –S5</i> (34), <i>R2–R7</i> (6); J1–J2 (34), J2–J3 (23), J3–J4 (15), J4–J5 (15), Z1–Z2 (28), Z2–Z3 (28), Z3–Z4 (15), Z4–Z5 (60), S2–S3(38); S3–S4 (34), S4–S5 (16).</p> <p> <b>Venter</b>. Peritrematal shields with postero­lateral tips reaching a level between setae <i>R2–R3</i>. Anterior margin of ventrianal shield with one pair of setae and distinct reticulation on the anterior region. Postanal setae are longer than other ventral setae and pilose; euanal setae vestigial. Setae <i>Jv5</i> similar in shape to other dorsal setae and located on the dorsal shield.</p> <p> <b>MALE</b>. Length of idiosoma 292 μm, width 212–221 μm.</p> <p> Dorsum similar to female. Sternogenital shield (Fig. 6) with a narrow posterior region, and unsclerotized region between <i>st1</i> and <i>st2</i> and a distinct reticulate pattern between setae <i>st2</i> and <i>st3</i>; genital setae absent. Peritrematal shield with posterolateral tips reaching setae <i>R7</i> and fused with ventrolateral shield; seven pairs of ventral setae, euanal setae vestigial.</p> <p> <i>Notes</i></p> <p> The new species is closely related to <i>Pr. rafalskii</i> Blaszak, 1971. In <i>Pr. rafalskii</i> setae <i>r1</i> are simple, smooth and needle­like; setae <i>r4</i> are similar to <i>r5</i>; setae <i>S 2</i> may be smooth and needle–like as well as with slight pilosity; all pilose setae seems to be much slimmer (Mašán, personal communication); tips of setae <i>Z3</i> not reaching the bases of the following setae and tips of peritrematal shields reach between setae <i>R3</i> and <i>R4.</i> In some respects, also the mutual positions of setae <i>S3</i>, <i>Z2</i> and glands <i>gdZ1</i> (Po2) seem different. In addition, the distribution area of <i>Pr. rafalskii</i> appears to be in the eastern part of Europe (Mašán & Fenda, 2004).</p> <p> <i>Derivatio nominis</i></p> <p>The name of the species refers to Dr. Peter Mašán, acarologist specializing in zerconid mites, who helped me to clarify some aspects of the new species.</p>Published as part of <i>Moraza, María Lourdes, 2006, New species of zerconid mites from southern Europe and the Macaronesian region (Acari: Mesostigmata: Zerconidae), pp. 1-15 in Zootaxa 1255</i> on pages 4-6, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/173074">10.5281/zenodo.173074</a&gt

Zercon subguttulatus Moraza, 2006, n. sp.

Zercon subguttulatus n. sp. (Figs 11–14) Types Holotype female: SPAIN, Navarra, Beunza (Navarra), UTM: 30 TXN044584, from litter of oak forest (Quercus pyrenaica), altitude 600 m., 23.XI. 1989, M. Moraza Leg. (deposited in MZUNAV); five paratypes females, one male, one deutonymph and six protonymphs, from the same locality and date as the holotype (two females deposited in OSAL). Diagnosis Anterior margin of ventrianal shield with two pairs of setae. Dorsal fossae of similar size and appearance, ring­like and with smooth anterior margin. Glands gdZ 3 (Po 3) situated between Z and S­ setal rows, lateral to the line connecting setae Z 3 and Z 4. Setae J 1 –J 5, not reaching the bases of following setae, similar in length: short and needle­like with one or two barbules. Setae Z 1 and Z 2 similar, needle­like and lightly pilose; setae Z 3, Z 4, Z 5 and S 5 elongate, with flattened, paddle­like hyaline tips. Setae S 4 similar in length to S 2 and S 3, reaching beyond margin of idiosoma. Lateral margins of opisthonotum with shallow and obtuse serration, marginal setae S 1 and R shorter than other opisthonotal setae, and with hyaline tips. Opisthonotal shield with distinct reticulation in the anterior region and a reticulate­punctuate pattern in the posterior region. Description FEMALE. Length of idiosoma 532 μm (513–574), width 457 μm (443–478). Dorsum (Fig. 11). Podonotal shield with distinct reticulate pattern; opisthonotal shield with distinct reticulate pattern in the anterior region and a reticulate­punctuate pattern in the posterior region posterior to setae J 2, Z 3 and S 4. Podonotum with 20 pairs of setae of varying shape (setae r 3 on lateropeltidial shield). Podonotal central and submarginal setae smooth, of equal length; marginal setae with hyaline tips. Glands gdj 2 (po 1) situated near j 2 on the line connecting j 2 and s 1; gdj 4 (po 2) outside the line connecting seta j 4 and j 5 (closer to j 4), and gds 4 (po 3) on the line connecting s 4 and s 5. Opisthonotum with 22 pairs of setae: setal row J with five pairs of short setae, similar in length, needle­like; setal row Z with five pairs of setae: setae Z 1 and Z 2 similar in shape and length to J 1 (Fig. 12), setae Z 3 longer than Z 2, Z 4 longer than Z 5, 2 x length of Z 1; setae S 2 to S 3 similar in length and shape, S 4 reaching beyond lateral margin of idiosoma, S 5 similar to Z 5. Marginal setae S 1 and R short, their tips not reaching bases of following marginal setae, and similar in shape to other marginal podonotal setae. Setae Z 3 –Z 5, S 4 –S 5 and marginal setae with flattened, hyaline rounded tips (Fig. 12). Glands gdz 6 (Po 1) on the line connecting setae z 6 and Z 1, glands gdZ 2 (Po 2) lateral to the line connecting S 2 and S 3; glands gdZ 3 (Po 3) antiaxial to the line connecting setae Z 3 and Z 4 (nearer to setae Z 4), and gdS 5 (Po 4) on the line connecting setae Z 5 and S 5. Dorsal opisthonotal fossae of uniform appearance, round, ring­like, and with smooth anterior margins. Length of the opisthonotal setae and distance between setal bases within longitudinal I­, Z­, and S­rows as follows (measurements in μm): J 1 – J 5 (21); Z 1 = Z 2 (21), Z 3 (34), Z 4 (45), Z 5 (40), S 2 –S 4 (21), S 5 (36), S 1 (15); R 1 –R 8 (15–19); J 1 –J 2 (49), J 2 –J 3 (51), J 3 –J 4 (38), J 4 –J 5 (38), Z 1 –Z 2 (38), Z 2 –Z 3 (47), Z 3 –Z 4 (47), Z 4 –Z 5 (96), S 1 –S 2 (53), S 2 –S 3 (64), S 3 –S 4 (64), S 4 –S 5 (87). Venter. Ventral chaetotaxy, adenotaxy, poroidotaxy and shape of ventral shields typical for the genus. Glands gv 2 with four openings on free platelets. Ventrianal shield with reticulate cuticle. Anterior margin of ventrianal shield with two pairs of setae. Euanal setae present. MALE. Length of idiosoma 426 μm, width 335 μm. Dorsum similar to the female. Sternogenital shield fused to endopodal IV (Fig. 14); gv 2 on separate platelet with two and four pores; euanal setae present. Notes The new species is closely related to Z. guttulatus Athias­Henriot, 1961 and Z. arcuatus Trägårdh, 1931. These three species share the position of gdZ 3 however, the length and/or structure of the opisthonotal setae is different. In Z. arcuatus all opisthonotal setae, including th emarginal setae, are smooth, needle­like and thin, and gdZ 1 are anterior and antiaxial to the bases of S 2. In Z. guttulatus, the marginal opisthonotal setae are longer, and their tips reach the bases of the following setae; setae J 3 –J 5 are longer (tips reaching the bases of the following setae) and have the hyaline rounded tips, Z 3 reach the bases of S 4 and tips of Z 4 reach the bases of S 5. The new species has a smaller body size.Published as part of Moraza, María Lourdes, 2006, New species of zerconid mites from southern Europe and the Macaronesian region (Acari: Mesostigmata: Zerconidae), pp. 1-15 in Zootaxa 1255 on pages 9-11, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17307

Zercon tenerifensis Moraza, 2006, n. sp.

<i>Zercon tenerifensis</i> n. sp. <p>(Figs 15–17)</p> <p> <i>Types</i></p> <p> Holotype female: SPAIN, Punta del Diablo (Teno) Tenerife, from mosses and lichen on basaltic wall in a laurisilva forest, UTM: 28RCS215348, altitude 900 m., 09.XII.1995, (deposited in MZUNAV); two paratype females and one male from the same locality and date; one female, Monte de Agua (Bco. De los Cochinos) (Tenerife), from soil and litter under <i>Euphorbia canariensis</i> and <i>E. aphylla</i>, UTM: 28RCS141384, altitude 200 m., 8.XII.1995; one female, Aguamansa (Tenerife) from soil of <i>Erica arborea</i>, 28RCS 520 375, altitude 1160 m., 29.V.1997.</p> <p> <i>Diagnosis</i></p> <p> Anterior margin of ventrianal shield with two pairs of setae. Dorsal opisthonotal fossae of uniform size and appearance, saddle­like and with smooth anterior margin. Glands <i>gdJ4</i> (Po3) situated between setal rows J and Z, behind the line connecting setae <i>Z4</i> and <i>J4</i> or on the line connecting <i>J5</i> and <i>Z4</i>. Setae <i>J1–J5</i> nearly equal in length, not reaching bases of following setae, slightly pilose. Setae <i>Z2</i> and <i>Z3</i> different in form and length: setae <i>Z1</i> and <i>Z2</i> smooth and peg­like; setae <i>Z3–Z5</i>, <i>S4</i> and <i>S5</i> thickened, with paddle­like hyaline tips and slight pilosity before the hyaline tip, about twice as long as setae <i>J1</i>. Setae <i>S4</i> elongate and reaching well beyond margin of idiosoma. Lateral margins of opisthonotum with shallow and obtuse serration, marginal setae <i>S1</i> and <i>R</i> short and similar in shape to thick setae <i>Z1</i> and <i>S2</i>. Opisthonotal shield with reticulate pattern in anterolateral region and reticulate­punctuate pattern on the central and posterior region.</p> <p> <i>Description</i></p> <p> <b>FEMALE.</b> Length of idiosoma 576 μm (558–593), width 447 μm (443–451).</p> <p> <b>Dorsum</b> (Fig. 15). Dorsal shield with reticulate pattern (podonotum and anterior part of opisthonotum) and small pits in a reticulate­punctuate pattern in posterior and central parts of opisthonotum. Podonotum with 20 pairs of differently formed setae; setae <i>r3</i> on lateropeltidial shield with one barb (Fig. 16a). Podonotal setae <i>j2</i>, <i>j5, j6</i>, <i>z2–z6</i>, <i>s4</i> and <i>r1</i> similar to marginal podonotal setae, with hyaline tips and a few serrations (Fig. 16c). Glands <i>gdj2</i> (po1) situated near <i>z2</i>; <i>gdj 4</i> in the middle of the area <i>j4–j5–z4</i>, and <i>gds4</i> behind the line connecting setae <i>z5</i> and <i>s4</i>. Opisthonotum with 20 pairs of setae, all of them with hyaline tips more or less developed; setal row J with five pairs of short setae, (<i>J1</i> = <i>J2=J3</i> = <i>J4</i> = <i>J5</i>); setae <i>J1</i>, <i>J2</i> and <i>J3</i> with peg­like tips (Fig. 16c) and <i>J3–J5</i> with hyaline rounded tips and slight short serration (Fig. 16d); setae <i>J5</i> situated close to margins of inner fossae; setal row Z with five pairs of setae: setae <i>Z1</i> and <i>Z2</i> similar in shape and length to <i>J1</i>, setae <i>Z3</i> and <i>Z4</i> almost twice as long as <i>Z1</i>, thickened apically with inconspicuous short pilosity before the hyaline tip; setae <i>S4</i> reaching beyond lateral margin of idiosoma. Marginal setae <i>S1</i> and <i>R</i> (Fig. 16b) not reaching the bases of following marginal setae, similar in shape to <i>S2</i> and <i>Z1</i>. Glands <i>gdz6</i> (Po1) on the line connecting setae <i>z6</i> and <i>Z1</i>, glands <i>gdZ2</i> (Po2) on the line connecting setae <i>Z2</i> and <i>S3</i>; glands <i>gdJ4</i> (Po3) behind the line connecting setae <i>J4</i> and <i>Z4</i>, and <i>gdS5</i> (Po4) behind the line connecting setae <i>Z5</i> (Fig. 16e) and <i>S5</i> (nearer to seta S5). Dorsal opisthonotal fossae of uniform appearance, with smooth margin.</p> <p> Length of the opisthonotal setae and distance between setal bases within longitudinal I­, Z­, and S­rows as follows (measurements in μm): <i>J1–J4</i> (26), <i>J5</i> (28), <i>Z1</i> = <i>Z2</i> (26), <i>Z3</i> (38), <i>Z4</i> and <i>Z5</i> (43), <i>S4</i> and <i>S5</i> (43), <i>S1</i> and <i>R</i> (26); J1–J2 (60), J2–J3 (53), J3–J4 (53), J4–J5 (53), Z1–Z2 (68), Z2–Z3 (47), Z3–Z4 (47), Z4–Z5 (68), S2–S3 (53); S3–S4 (57), S4–S5 (68).</p> <p> <b>Venter</b>. Ventral chaetotaxy, adenotaxy, poroidotaxy and shape of ventral shields typical for the genus. Glands <i>gv2</i> triple, on small platelets. Anterior margin of ventrianal shield with two pairs of setae. Setae <i>Jv5</i> similar in shape to other thick dorsal setae.</p> <p> <b>MALE</b>. Length of idiosoma 442 μm, width 310 μm.</p> <p> <b>Venter</b>. Sternogenital shield (Fig. 17) with five pairs of sternal setae, posterior region narrowed and free from endopodal shields; two small platelets behind posterior margin of sternal shield (between glands <i>gv2</i>). Glands <i>gv2</i> openings on small platelets similar to female. Ventrianal shield with two pair of setae in anterior margin. Euanal setae present.</p> <p> <i>Notes</i></p> <p> The new species is closely related to <i>Z. andrei</i> Sellnick, 1958, and because of this it was misidentified by Moraza & Peña (2005). The most important differences between the two species are in the relative length and structure of the opisthonotal setae. In <i>Z. andrei</i>, with a smaller body size (460 x 360), podonotal setae <i>r3</i> are strongly barbed, central setae “J”, setae <i>Z1</i>, <i>Z2</i>; <i>S2</i> and <i>S3</i> are one­third the length of the longest opisthonotal setae, setae <i>J4</i> and <i>J5</i> have the same structure as <i>J1–J3</i> and the serration of the longest setae in front of the tips is more distinctive. Besides, central and posterior region of the opisthonotal shield in <i>Z. andrei</i> is densely covered with pits, and in <i>Z. tenerifiensis</i> the small pits form a reticulate pattern.</p> <p> <i>Derivatio nominis</i></p> <p>The name of the species refers to Tenerife island, where the species was found.</p>Published as part of <i>Moraza, María Lourdes, 2006, New species of zerconid mites from southern Europe and the Macaronesian region (Acari: Mesostigmata: Zerconidae), pp. 1-15 in Zootaxa 1255</i> on pages 11-14, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/173074">10.5281/zenodo.173074</a&gt

Zercon darai Moraza, sp. nov.

Zercon darai Moraza sp. nov. (Figs 6–8) Material examined Holotype. Female: Ireland, Co. Laois, Baunreagh, Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) 85 year old plantation (~ 53 º 07' N, 7 º 34 ' W), from lower canopy, slide MC 3 L- 2, altitude: 360 m., 7 November 2005. Holotype deposited in MZUNA. Paratypes: 3 females, 1 male, same locality and date, collected in the canopy and in moss from different heights in the canopy (all deposited at MZUNA); 2 females from Ireland; Co, Kerry, Tomies Wood (Quercus petreae) in Killarney National Park (~ 52 º 03' N, 9 º 35 ' W), altitude: 60 m., 5 July 2007, from moss mats in the middle canopy, deposited at MZUNA. Diagnosis Anterior margin of ventri-anal shield with two pairs of setae. Dorsal opisthonotal fossae of general size and appearance, with smooth margins. Glands gdJ 4 (Po 3) is situated between J and Z setal rows, on the line connecting setae J 4 and Z 4; glands gdZ 2 (Po 2) on the line connecting setae Z 2 and S 3. Setae J 1 -J 5 with 1 or 2 pinnules, uniform in length and not reaching the bases of following setae; setae Z 1, Z 2 and S 2 similar in shape and length to setae J. Setae Z 3 -Z 5, S 3 -S 5 thickened apically with hyaline sheaths and one pinnule distally, longer than other opisthonotal setae; marginal setae R and other podonotal setae similar in shape. Opisthonotal shield with reticulate pattern at the anterolateral corners, and large pits at the posterior region. Description FEMALE. Length of idiosoma: holotype 570 (547–578 in 5 paratypes), width 404 (366–418 in 5 paratypes). Podonotal shield: 286 long, 385 wide. Opisthonothum: 283 long, 404 wide. (n = 6). Dorsum (Fig. 6) Podonotal shield with reticulate pattern; opisthonotal shield with reticulate pattern on anterior corners; anterior and posterior central area of opisthonotal shield with pits arranged in a reticulate pattern, largest posteriorly. Podonotum with 20 pairs of setae (Fig. 7); j 1 and r 3 clearly barbed (37 and 47 long, respectively); other podonotal setae with one pinnule (22–25 long); setae r 1 (19) and r 3 on dorsoperitrematal shields; setae s 6 32 long. Gland openings distinct; gdj 2 (po 1) situated near j 2; gdj 4 on line connecting j 4 and z 4; gds 4 postero-paraxial to insertion of setae s 4. Four pairs of podonotal lyrifissures. Opisthonotum with 20 pairs of setae (Fig. 6): row J with 5 pairs of short, uniform setae (Fig. 7); row Z with five pairs of setae: Z 1, Z 2, S 1 and S 2 similar in shape to J 1, setae Z 3 -Z 5, S 3 -S 5 thickened, with hyaline sheaths and one pinnule distally; setae Z 3 and S 3 similar in shape and three times as long as Z 1; S 4 reaching beyond lateral margin of idiosoma, similar in length and shape to setae Z 4; Z 5 twice as long as J. Marginal setae S 1 and R 1 -R 6 not reaching beyond bases of following marginal setae, similar in shape to other marginal podonotal setae. Glands gdz 6 (Po 1) situated on line connecting setae z 6 and Z 1, glands gdZ 2 (Po 2) on line connecting setae Z 2 and S 3; glands gdJ 4 (Po 3) on line connecting setae J 4 and Z 4, and enlarge glands gdS 5 (Po 4) behind line connecting setae Z 5 and S 5. Dorsal opisthonotal fossae rounded, of general appearance, similar in size. Dorsal lyrifissures as in figure 5. Length of opisthonotal setae and distance between setal bases within longitudinal I-, Z-, and S-rows as follows: J 1 – J 5 (19–22), Z 1 (15), Z 2 (25), Z 3 (41–42), Z 4 (51), Z 5 (59), S 1 (27), S 2 (24), S 3 (36), S 4 (45), S 5 (49), R (24–25); J 1 -J 2> J 2 -J 3> J 3 -J 4> J 4 -J 5 (40), Z 1 -Z 2> Z 2 -Z 3> Z 3 -Z 4 J 3 -J 3> J 4 -J 4 J 1 -J 1. Venter (Fig. 8). Ventral chaetotaxy, adenotaxy, poroidotaxy and shape of ventral shields typical for genus. Sternal shield 100 long and 75 wide at level of setae st 2, a reticulate surface and straight posterior margin. Sternal setae smooth and thin, with filiform ends; st 1 and st 2 28–29 long; st 3 and st 4 24–26 long. Ventri-anal shield with scamous ornamentation, fused to dorsal shield in posterior margin. Anterior margin of ventri-anal shield with two pairs of setae; 8 pairs of thin and smooth pre-anal setae (17–28), except setae JV 5 barbed, similar in shape to dorsal setae j 1 (36 long). Post-anal seta slightly pilose. Anal valves with vestigial euanal setae, anal lyrifissures present. Glands gv 2 triple, gv 3 conspicuous. Peritreme curved; dorso-peritrematal shield with lines of ornamentation. MALE. Idiosoma length 452, width 282. Dorsal chaetotaxy, adenotaxy and poroidotaxy similar to female. Sternogenital shield fused with endopodal elements between coxae II–III and III–IV, with 5 pairs of setae (st 1 -st 5). Band between setae st 1 and st 2 weakly sclerotized. Ventri-anal shield with 8 pairs of ventral setae, 2 pairs on anterior margin of the shield. Notes Z. darai belongs to the same group of species as Z. curryi. All of the other species differ from Z. darai in having similar shape and length of setae S 2 and S 3, among other characters. Both Z. pinicola and Z. foveolatus have longer thickened opisthonotal setae apically flattened with hyaline rounded endings; however the relative length between setae Z 3 and Z 2 differs from this character in Z. darai. Etymology The species name “ darai ” refers to Dara O’Mairtin.Published as part of Moraza, María Lourdes, Arroyo, Julio & Bolger, Thomas, 2009, Three new species of mites (Acari: Zerconidae) from canopy habitats in Irish forests, pp. 29-39 in Zootaxa 2019 on pages 32-34, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18605

Preliminary study of the mite community structure in different black truffle producing soils

Aims of the study: The goals of this paper are to provide preliminary data on the composition of the mite community in truffle-producing soils (both wild and plantations); and to elucidate those species which may interact with the black truffle life cycle.Area of study: The study was carried out in two black truffle productive zones in Navarra (Spain), in four different plantations and five wild production areas.Material and Methods: Fauna was extracted using Berlese Tullgren funnels. Animals were separated into taxonomic groups, and mites were identified. To analyse the composition and community structure of the different habitats, parameters such as abundance, species richness, and Shanon Weiner diversity index (H’) were calculated.Main results: A total of 305 mites were recognized, belonging to 58 species representing the three major taxonomic groups (Oribatida, Prostigmata, Mesostigmata).Research highlights: The results show a possible trend towards wild areas having greater diversity and species richness than plantations. Furthermore, community analysis shows differences in species compositions among different study areas, and oribatid mites always exhibit the highest relative abundance and species richness.Keywords: Acari; Tuber melanosporum; Oribatida; Mesostigmata; Prostigmata; truffle orchards. </p

Zercon

Key to the species of Zercon recorded in Britain and Ireland, based on adult females. 1. Pore Po 3 situated on position gdJ, between setal rows Z and J................................................................................... 2 - Pore Po 3 situated on position gdZ, on the line between Z 3 and Z 4 or between this line and setal row S................. 11 2. Setae J 1 -J 5 short, never reaching the bases of the following setae, similar in length and form................................. 3 - Setae J 1 -J 5 not similar in length and shape.................................................................................................................. 9 3. Longer dorsal setae conspicuously bipectinate............................................................................................................. 4 - Longer dorsal setae smooth or with 1–2 barbs............................................................................................................. 5 4. Longer opisthonotal setae Z 4, Z 5 and S 5; setae Z 3 and S 3 acicular, smooth; central region of opisthonotal shield with small tubercles, anterolateral regions imbricate. Idiosoma: 490 long, 380 wide ...................... Z. spatulatus C.L. Koch - Longer opisthonotal setae Z 3 -Z 5, S 4 -S 5, with hyaline sheaths distally, S 3 barbed; anterior half of opisthonotal shield imbricate, posterior half with sparsely pits. Idiosoma: 480 long, 345 wide ..... Z. hemimbricatus Skorupski & Luxton 5. Setae J and R with a blunt tip, smooth or with 1 barb; setae Z 3 -Z 5, S 3 -S thickened, club-like, smooth or with 1 barb; Z 3 sligthly longer than Z 2; posterior glands conspicuously large. Idiosoma: 553 long, 377 wide................................. ................................................................................................................. Z. curryi Moraza, Arroyo & Bolger sp. nov. - Setae J and R with acute tips........................................................................................................................................ 6 6. Longer opisthonotal setae Z 3 -Z 5, S 3 -S 5, simple smooth............................................................................................ 7 - Longer opisthonotal setae Z 3 -Z 5, S 3 -S 5, paddle- like with 1 or 2 barbs and hyaline sheaths distally; Z 3 < Z 4 < Z 5; S 3 < S 4 < S 5; setae J, Z 1, Z 2, S 1, S 2 and R thin and with 1 barb; posterior region of opisthonotal shield with pits. Idio- soma: 570 long, 404 wide ....................................................................................................... Z. darai Moraza sp. nov. 7. Longer opisthonotal setae Z 3 -Z 5, S 4 -S 5, smooth, apically flattened and rounded; Z 3 < Z 4 = Z 5; S 3 <S 4 <S 5; setae J, Z 1, Z 2, S 2, S 3 and R thin and smooth. Idiosoma: 520 long, 400 wide ............................................ Z. berlesei Sellnick - Longer opisthonotal setae smooth, apically thin......................................................................................................... 8 8. Longest opisthonotal setae are Z 4, Z 5 and S 5; dorsal ornamentation weakly expressed. Idiosoma: 420 long, 290 wide ...................................................................................................................................................... Z. blesti Evans, 1954 - Longest opisthonotal setae are Z 3 -Z 5 smooth and thin as S 5; Z 3 <Z 4 <Z 5; S 4 = ½ S 5 = Z 3; Po 3 on the line connecting J 5 and Z 4. Idiosoma: 410 long, 310 wide ............................................................................... Z. abaculus (C.L. Koch) 9. Setae J 3 shorter than J 4 and J 5 (J 3 <½ J 4) and longer than J 1 and J 2; longest setae J 4, J 5, Z 4, Z 5 and S 5 thickened distally, pubescent. Idiosoma: 460 long, 360 wide..................................................................... Z. peltatus C.L. KochPublished as part of Moraza, María Lourdes, Arroyo, Julio & Bolger, Thomas, 2009, Three new species of mites (Acari: Zerconidae) from canopy habitats in Irish forests, pp. 29-39 in Zootaxa 2019 on page 36, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18605

Zercon hibernia Moraza, Arroyo & Bolger, sp. nov.

Zercon hibernia Moraza, Arroyo & Bolger, sp. nov. (Figs 9–13) Material examined Holotype. Female: Ireland, Co. Laois, Baunreagh, Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) 85 year old plantation (~ 53 º 07' N, 7 º 34 ' W), from middle canopy, slide C 5 ME- 2, altitude: 360 m., 7 November 2005, deposited at MZUNA. Paratypes: 2 females, 4 males, same locality and date, collected in the canopy at different heights (females and one male deposited at MZUNA, 3 males deposited at UCD); 3 females, 2 males, Ireland, Dooary, Co. Laois, in a 17 years old Sitka spruce plantation (~ 52 º 57 ' N, 7 º 15 ' W), altitude: 260 m., 12 December 2007, in the tree canopy at different heights (2 females and all males deposited at MZUNA, 1 female at UCD); 7 females, Ireland, Co. Kerry, Rennadinna Wood (Taxus baccata) in Killarney National Park (~ 52 º 02' N, 9 º 31 ' W), altitude 30 m., 6 July 2007, from canopy and moss occurring at different heights in the trees (4 deposited at UCD, 3 at MZUNA); 2 females, Ireland; Co, Kerry, Tomies Wood (Quercus petreae) in Killarney National Park (~ 52 º 03' N, 9 º 35 ' W), altitude 60 m., 5 July 2007, from moss mats in the lower canopy, deposited at MZUNA; 2 females, Ireland, Co. Offaly, Kinnity oak (Q. petraea) forest (~ 53 º 10 ' N, 7 º 26 ' W), from moss collected in the lower canopy, altitude 200 m., 2 August 2007 (deposited at MZUNA). Diagnosis Anterior margin of ventri-anal shield with two pairs of setae. Dorsal fossae of similar size and appearance. Glands gdZ 3 (Po 3) situated between setal rows Z and S-, lateral to the line connecting setae Z 3 and Z 4. Setae J 1 –J 3, not reaching the bases of following setae, similar in length; J 4 and J 5 longer. Setae Z 1, Z 2 and Z 3 similar in length; setae Z 4 and Z 5 slightly longer. Seta r 3 thicker and with a serrate outline. All dorsal setae with 2–3 spines, sligthly bicarinate. Opisthonotal shield with distinct reticulation in the anterior region and pits in the posterior half. Peritreme bifurcate near stigma, anterior tip curved. Description FEMALE. Length of idiosoma: holotype 590 (580–605 in 5 paratypes), width 430 (410–430). Length of podonotal shield: 315 (315–345). Length of opisthonotum: 275 (255–275) (N= 6). Dorsum (Fig. 9). Podonotal shield with reticulate pattern; opisthonotal shield showing a reticulate pattern on anterior corners; central opisthonotum and posterior corners have small pits arranged in a reticulate pattern. Podonotum with 20 pairs of setae, setae variable in length (Fig. 10); setae s 1, z 2 and z 3 shorter than other podonotal, setae r 1 and r 3 on dorso-peritrematal shield. Gland openings distinct; gdj 2 (po 1) situated between s 1 and z 2; gdj 4 set on the line connecting j 4 and z 4; gds 4 postero-paraxial to insertion of setae s 4. Four pairs of podonotal lyrifissures. Opisthonotum with 20 pairs of setae: setal row J with 5 pairs; J 5 longest; setal row Z with five pairs of setae: Z 1, Z 2 and S 2 similar in length to J 1, Z 3 = S 3 and longer than Z 1; S 4 reaching beyond lateral margin of idiosoma and similar in length and shape to Z 3; Z 5 similar in length to S 5. Marginal setae S 1 and R 1 -R 6 not reaching beyond bases of following marginal setae, similar in shape to other marginal dorsal setae, smooth or slightly bicarinate (1–3 spines). Glands gdz 6 (Po 1) on line connecting setae z 6 and Z 1, glands gdZ 2 (Po 2) on line connecting setae S 1 and S 2; large glands gdJ 4 (Po 3) antiaxial to line connecting setae Z 3 and Z 4, and enlarged glands gdS 5 (Po 4) behind line connecting setae Z 5 and S 5. Dorsal opisthonotal fossae rounded, of general appearance, similar in size. Dorsal lyrifissures as in Fig. 9. Length of the opisthonotal setae and distance between setal bases within longitudinal I-, Z-, and S-rows as follows: J 1 – J 3 (35-37), J 4 - J 5 (45–48), Z 1 = Z 2 (33–36), Z 3 (47), Z 4 (53), Z 5 (49), S 1 (28–30), S 2 (38), S 3 (45), S 4 (45–48), S 5 (53), R (26–29); J 1 -J 2> J 2 -J 3 = J 3 -J 4> J 4 -J 5 (42), Z 1 -Z 2> Z 2 -Z 3 (53) <Z 3 -Z 4 <Z 4 -Z 5 (93), S 4 -S 5 (72); J 1 -J 1 = J 2 -J 2 <J 3 -J 3 = J 4 -J 4 <J 5 -J 5. Venter (Fig. 11). Ventral chaetotaxy, adenotaxy, poroidotaxy and shape of ventral shields typical of the genus. Opistogastric soft cuticle smoothly striate. Sternal shield 93–100 long, 87 wide at level of setae st 2, posterior margin slightly concave. Sternal setae smooth and thin; st 1 11 long; and st 4 14–19 long; st 2, st 3 and st 4 longer (17–19). Anterior margin of ventri-anal shield with two pairs of setae; 8 pairs of thin and smooth pre-anal setae (17–28); setae JV 5 similar shape to other dorsal thickened setae, 43 long. Post-anal seta (30) smooth and longer than pre-anal ones (22). Anal valves with euanal setae and anal lyrifissures. Four gland openings gv 2 on rounded platelets, gv 3 conspicuous. Peritreme with distinctive shape, clearly bifurcate and bent at posterior tip, anterior tip strongly curved back towards stigma; peritrematal glands in distinctive area (Fig. 12). Tectum as in Fig. 13. MALE. Length of idiosoma 440–485, width 320–340. Dorsum similar to female. Sternogenital shield fused with endopodal elements between coxae II–III and III–IV; with five pairs of setae (st 1 -st 5), and a poorly sclerotized band between setae st 1 and st 2. Gland openings gv 2 located on platelets, similar to female. Ventrianal shield with two pairs of setae in anterior margin. Peritreme shape similar to female but not so strongly curved in the anterior tip. Notes The new species is closely related to Z. guttulatus Athias-Henriot, Z. subguttulatus Moraza, Z. arcuatus Trägårdh and Z. zelawaiensis Sellnick. These five species have the glands Po 3 in position gdZ 3, medially along the line connecting Z 3 and Z 4 or slightly outwards towards the S setae row. However, the length and/or structure of the opisthonotal setae are different. Zercon subguttulatus has setae Z 3 -Z 5, S 4 and S 5 with flattened and hyaline rounded tips and the body size is clearly smaller, while Z. guttulatus has setae J 3 -J 5 different in length (longer, reaching the bases of the following setae) and structure (hyaline rounded tips). Neither of these species has the characteristic peritremal structure of Z. hibernia. Zercon zelawaiensis also has setae of series S with different lengths, but seta S 2 is remarkably shorter than in Z. hibernia, up to 5 times shorter than S 5, which does not happen in the new species. Another difference is that seta Z 4 is extremely long in Z. zelawaiensis. The most similar species, Z. arcuatus, differs mainly from the new species in the structure of the dorsal setae, which are needle like. The absence of pits in the opisthonotal shield is another difference. The characteristic arcuate and branched peritreme are also distinctive in the new species. Etymology The species name refers to Hibernia, the old Roman name for Ireland. The species of Zercon that occur in Britain may be separated in the following key. Details of the geographical distribution of most of these species can be found in Skorupski & Luxton (1996) and Luxton (1998).Published as part of Moraza, María Lourdes, Arroyo, Julio & Bolger, Thomas, 2009, Three new species of mites (Acari: Zerconidae) from canopy habitats in Irish forests, pp. 29-39 in Zootaxa 2019 on pages 34-36, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18605