Alterações fisiológicas da morte encefálica em potenciais doadores de órgãos e tecidos para transplantes Los cambios fisiológicos de la muerte cerebral en potenciales donadores de órganos y tejidos para trasplante Physiological changes of brain death in potential donors of organs and tissues for transplantation

Objetivou-se descrever as alterações fisiológicas da morte encefálica em potenciais doadores de órgãos e tecidos para transplantes. Estudo exploratório descritivo com dados prospectivos e abordagem quantitativa realizado nas unidades de emergência e terapia intensiva adulto de um hospital de Pernambuco no período de abril a outubro de 2011. A população constou de 32 potenciais doadores de órgãos e tecidos para transplantes. Após aprovação do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa, os dados foram coletados, tabulados e analisados pela estatística descritiva pelo software SPSS 15.0 e apresentados em forma de tabelas. As alterações fisiológicas foram: hipotensão arterial (100%), hipotermia (75,0%), hipernatremia (62,5%), diabetes insipidus (37,5%), hiperglicemia (32,3%), infecção (25,0%), hipertensão arterial (9,4%) e úlcera de córnea (3,1%). Acredita-se que o conhecimento dessas alterações possibilita à equipe de saúde direcionar o cuidado ao potencial doador segundo as suas necessidades e, assim, manter o órgão/tecido viável para transplante.<br>El objetivo del estudio fue describir los cambios fisiológicos de la muerte cerebral en los potenciales donadores de órganos y tejidos para trasplante. Investigación exploratoria, descriptiva, con datos prospectivos y enfoque cuantitativo, hecho en las unidades de emergencia y de cuidados intensivos de adultos de un hospital de Pernambuco en el periodo de abril a octubre de 2011. La población fue formada por 32 potenciales donadores de órganos y tejidos para trasplante. Después de la aprobación en el Comité Ético de Investigación, los datos han sido recogidos, tabulados y analizados mediante estadística descriptiva por el programa informático SPSS 15.0, siendo presentados en forma de tablas. Los cambios fisiológicos fueron: hipotensión (100%), hipotermia (75,0%), hipernatremia (62,5%), diabetes insípida (37,5%), infección (25,0%), hipertensión arterial (9,4%) y la úlcera de córnea (3,1%). Se cree que el conocimiento de estos cambios permite al equipo de atención de la salud dirigir sus acciones al potencial donador de acuerdo a sus necesidades y así mantener los órganos/tejidos viables para el trasplante.<br>The objective was to describe the physiologic changes of brain death in potential donors of organs and tissues for transplantation. Exploratory descriptive study with prospective data and quantitative approach carried out in emergency and intensive care units hospital adult, in the period from April to October 2011. The population consisted of 32 potential donors of organs and tissues for transplantation. After approval of Ethics Committee, data were collected, tabulated and analyzed by descriptive statistics by SPSS 15.0 software and presented in tables. Physiological changes were: hypotension (100%), hypothermia (75%), hypernatremia (62,5%), diabetes insipidus (37,5%), hyperglycemia (32,3%), infection (25,0%), hypertension (9,4%) and corneal ulcer (3,1%). It was found that knowledge of these changes allows the team of health care to direct the potential donors according to their needs and thus keep the organ/tissue viable for transplant

Effects of Different Maturation Systems on Bovine Oocyte Quality, Plasma Membrane Phospholipid Composition and Resistance to Vitrification and Warming

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different maturation systems on oocyte resistance after vitrification and on the phospholipid profile of the oocyte plasma membrane (PM). Four different maturation systems were tested: 1) in vitro maturation using immature oocytes aspirated from slaughterhouse ovaries (CONT; n = 136); 2) in vitro maturation using immature oocytes obtained by ovum pick-up (OPU) from unstimulated heifers (IMA; n = 433); 3) in vitro maturation using immature oocytes obtained by OPU from stimulated heifers (FSH; n = 444); and 4) in vivo maturation using oocytes obtained from heifers stimulated 24 hours prior by an injection of GnRH (MII; n = 658). A sample of matured oocytes from each fresh group was analyzed by matrix associated laser desorption-ionization (MALDI-TOF) to determine their PM composition. Then, half of the matured oocytes from each group were vitrified/warmed (CONT VIT, IMA VIT, FSH VIT and MII VIT), while the other half were used as fresh controls. Afterwards, the eight groups underwent IVF and IVC, and blastocyst development was assessed at D2, D7 and D8. A chi-square test was used to compare embryo development between the groups. Corresponding phospholipid ion intensity was expressed in arbitrary units, and following principal components analyses (PCA) the data were distributed on a 3D graph. Oocytes obtained from superstimulated animals showed a greater rate of developmental (P0.05) for all groups (CONT VIT = 2.8±3.5%, IMA VIT = 2.9±4.0%, FSH VIT = 4.3±7.2% and MII VIT = 3.6±7.2%). MALDI-TOF revealed that oocytes from all maturation groups had similar phospholipid contents, except for 760.6 ([PC (34:1) + H]+), which was more highly expressed in MII compared to FSH (P<0.05). The results suggest that although maturation systems improve embryonic development, they do not change the PM composition nor the resistance of bovine oocytes to vitrification

Ontogenetic shift in dietary preference and low dietary overlap in rohu (Labeo rohita) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio)in semi-intensive polyculture ponds

In order to investigate ontogenetic changes in diet and diet overlap between rohu (Labeo rohita) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in polyculture ponds, food preferences of different size classes of these fishes were quantified. Rohu diet consisted of both phytoplankton and zooplankton, and there was a distinct ontogenetic shift in the relative importance of these food items. Zooplankton was the dominant food for rohu up to 20.6 cm total length (TL) and then gradually decreased in importance as fish grew. Phytoplankton was initially a minor component of rohu diet but gradually increased in importance and became the dominant food for rohu at 24.2 cm TL. Phytoplankton biovolume in rohu guts was positively correlated with fish size (TL). Chesson’s a indicated that rohu of all sizes preferentially selected Cladocera and avoided Cyanophyceae and Euglenophyceae. Young rohu initially preferred Rotifera and Copepoda but gradually switched to Bacillariophyceae and Chlorophyceae. Common carp diet consisted of phytoplankton, zooplankton,and benthic macroinvertebrates, but was dominated by benthic macroinvertebrates (63–92% of total diet). As common carp grew, the proportion of zooplankton ingested decreased and the proportion of benthic macroinvertebrates increased. Benthic macroinvertebrate biovolume in common carp guts was positively correlated with fish size. Common carp of up to 15.4 cm TL preferentially selected zooplankton, but common carp larger than 18.9 cm TL avoided this food item. Common carp of all sizes avoided phytoplankton. A low dietary overlap was found between rohu and common carp (Schoener overlap index: 0.08–0.35), probably due to ingestion of smaller quantities of zooplankton by the latter. Dietary overlap also decreased with increasing rohu and common carp size because of divergent ontogenetic shifts in dietary preferences of the two species