Manejo integrado de sarna polvosa causada por Spongospora subterránea en papa /

Papa-Solanum tuberosu

Germination and growth of purple passion fruit seedlings under pre-germination treatments and mycorrhizal inoculation

The cultivation of purple passion fruit plants has increased in Colombia, as a direct result of its well-accepted consumption. Therefore, there is a need for technological solutions aimed at the sustainable growth of its fruit, such as improving seed germination and decreasing phosphorus (P) deficiencies, given its low availability in tropical soils. This study aimed to evaluate pre-germination treatments (control, apical and basal seed cuts, alternation of temperature, photoperiod, application of gibberellic acid and immersion in 96 % of H2SO4) and mycorrhizal dependency of purple passion fruit plants, using three levels of P in the soil solution (0.002 mg L-1, 0.02 mg L-1 and 0.2 mg L-1), in 35 combinations with or without the inoculation of the Glomus fasciculatum mycorrhizal fungus. A completely randomized design with five replications per treatment was used. The treatment with the most significant effect for reducing the dormancy of the purple passion fruit seeds is the immersion in 96 % of H2SO4 for 20 minutes. This species shows a high mycorrhizal dependency, when coupled with 0.02 mg L-1 of P in the soil solution

Hospedantes de ralstonia solanacearum en plantaciones de banano y plátano en colombia.

La enfermedad del “Moko” causada por la bacteria Ralstonia solanacearum Raza 2, es uno de los problemas fitopatológicos más limitantes en la producción de plátano y banano en las regiones productoras. La bacteria cuenta con un amplio rango de hospederos, cerca de 50 familias botánicas y más de 200 especies. En plantaciones de banano y plátano de Colombia la bacteria se asocia con arvenses que se encuentran en altas poblaciones contribuyendo a su sobrevivencia y permanencia en el campo. Para la determinación de los hospedantes silvestres sintomáticos y asintomáticos en áreas afectadas en plantaciones de plátano y banano del Valle del Cauca, Quindío y Urabá, se realizó la colección de arvenses frecuentes en los focos afectados y el aislamiento en medio semiselectivo SMSA de la bacteria. 124 aislamientos fueron sometidos a pruebas bioquímicas y de patogenicidad en plantas de banano y plátano bajo condiciones similares a las de Urabá y Valle del Cauca. En las pruebas de patogenicidad 67 de 124 aislamientos evaluados fueron positivos, reproduciendo los síntomas típicos de la enfermedad como flacidez, clorosis, amarillamiento de hojas y muerte de las plantas. Se encontraron nuevas especies de arvenses hospedantes de la bacteria que corresponden a Chaptalia nutans, Seneciodes cinerea, Tripogandra glandulosa, Plenax hirtus, Peperomia pellucida, Tripogandra cumanenses, Desmodium sp, y Cissus sicyoides esta última perteneciente a la familia Vitaceae, la cual corresponde al registro de una nueva familia como hospedera. Se confirmó la presencia de la bacteria en hospedantes silvestres previamente mencionados

Experiencias en el aula: cuarto encuentro de prácticas pedagógicas innovadoras.

Cuarto encuentro de prácticas pedagógicas innovadoras, evento que se llevo a cabo los días 7 y 8 de Octubre de 2019

Experiencias en el aula: cuarto encuentro de prácticas pedagógicas innovadoras.

Cuarto encuentro de prácticas pedagógicas innovadoras, evento que se llevo a cabo los días 7 y 8 de Octubre de 2019

Familial hypercholesterolaemia in children and adolescents from 48 countries: a cross-sectional study

Background: Approximately 450 000 children are born with familial hypercholesterolaemia worldwide every year, yet only 2·1% of adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia were diagnosed before age 18 years via current diagnostic approaches, which are derived from observations in adults. We aimed to characterise children and adolescents with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (HeFH) and understand current approaches to the identification and management of familial hypercholesterolaemia to inform future public health strategies. Methods: For this cross-sectional study, we assessed children and adolescents younger than 18 years with a clinical or genetic diagnosis of HeFH at the time of entry into the Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration (FHSC) registry between Oct 1, 2015, and Jan 31, 2021. Data in the registry were collected from 55 regional or national registries in 48 countries. Diagnoses relying on self-reported history of familial hypercholesterolaemia and suspected secondary hypercholesterolaemia were excluded from the registry; people with untreated LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) of at least 13·0 mmol/L were excluded from this study. Data were assessed overall and by WHO region, World Bank country income status, age, diagnostic criteria, and index-case status. The main outcome of this study was to assess current identification and management of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Findings: Of 63 093 individuals in the FHSC registry, 11 848 (18·8%) were children or adolescents younger than 18 years with HeFH and were included in this study; 5756 (50·2%) of 11 476 included individuals were female and 5720 (49·8%) were male. Sex data were missing for 372 (3·1%) of 11 848 individuals. Median age at registry entry was 9·6 years (IQR 5·8-13·2). 10 099 (89·9%) of 11 235 included individuals had a final genetically confirmed diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolaemia and 1136 (10·1%) had a clinical diagnosis. Genetically confirmed diagnosis data or clinical diagnosis data were missing for 613 (5·2%) of 11 848 individuals. Genetic diagnosis was more common in children and adolescents from high-income countries (9427 [92·4%] of 10 202) than in children and adolescents from non-high-income countries (199 [48·0%] of 415). 3414 (31·6%) of 10 804 children or adolescents were index cases. Familial-hypercholesterolaemia-related physical signs, cardiovascular risk factors, and cardiovascular disease were uncommon, but were more common in non-high-income countries. 7557 (72·4%) of 10 428 included children or adolescents were not taking lipid-lowering medication (LLM) and had a median LDL-C of 5·00 mmol/L (IQR 4·05-6·08). Compared with genetic diagnosis, the use of unadapted clinical criteria intended for use in adults and reliant on more extreme phenotypes could result in 50-75% of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia not being identified. Interpretation: Clinical characteristics observed in adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia are uncommon in children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia, hence detection in this age group relies on measurement of LDL-C and genetic confirmation. Where genetic testing is unavailable, increased availability and use of LDL-C measurements in the first few years of life could help reduce the current gap between prevalence and detection, enabling increased use of combination LLM to reach recommended LDL-C targets early in life

Identification of new hosts for Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) race 2 from Colombia

Ralstonia solanacearum Smith induces the Moko disease on banana, plantain and heliconiaflowers. The objectives of this work were: I) to identify R. solanacearum hosts in weeds or cultivated hostsand II) to determine its pathogenicity on the susceptible host plantain cv. Dominico-Hartón. A survey in searchof natural hosts of R. solanacearum race 2 was performed in selected Colombian regions. Sixty bacterialcolonies showing R. solanacearum characteristics in a semi-selective medium were used in further pathogenicitytests in the susceptible plantain plants. Twenty six isolates induced Moko disease symptoms in plantain duringthe 60 days of evaluation. Twelve new hosts were found for R. solanacearum at the worldwide level: nine ofthem were weeds (Euphorbia graminea Jacq., Blechum piramidatum Lam., Oxalis latifolia Kunth, Cupheamicrantha Kunth, Eleusine indica L., Gliricidia sepium Kunth ex Steud., Lobelalia xalapensis Kunth,Stachys lamioides Benth., Salvia aff. lasiocephala Hook. & Arn.) and three cultivated crops (Colocasiaesculenta L., Cucurbita maxima Duchesne and Psidium guajava L.). The presence of R. solanacearumrace 2 in weeds and cultivated crops should be managed as an important component of an integrated Mokodisease control program

Etiología de enfermedades del cultivo de tomate de árbol (Solanum betaceum CAV.)

The present study had as objectives the identification of the causal agents associated with different pathologies in tree tomato (Solanum betaceumCav.) and the estimation of the disease prevalence in commercial lots located in tree tomato-producing regions of Antioquia, Colombia. Surveys were performed in the three main growing areas of the department of Antioquia, Colombia: the North, the East and the Southwest. Symptoms were recorded and tissue samples taken for pathogen isolation.  Tree tomato seedlings were inoculated with not previously identified diseases, and the pathogen postulates of Koch were confirmed.  Prevalence of each disease was determined for the time period tested of two years. Results suggested that the major pathogens for the tree tomato crop under field conditions in Antioquia during the period evaluated were Phytophthora infestans sensu lato, Alternaria sp., Xanthomonas sp., Colletotrichum sp., Spongospora subterranea, Verticillium sp., Clavibacter sp., Meloidogyne sp., and viral species classified into six genera: Potyvirus, Cucumovirus, Tospovirus, Tobamovirus, Potexvirus, and Polerovirus. The low percentage of relative identity of the sequences with known viruses merits further research. The diseases identified in the two years of sampling corresponded to those that developed under the specific conditions present such as the cultivated area, weather, and agronomical management for this period of time; therefore, the disease prevalence may change each growing season according to how these parameters vary. Clavibacter sp., S. subterranea and Verticillium sp., were reported as new pathogens for this crop. An accurate and timely diagnosis followed by a prompt and appropriate disease management will contribute to tree tomato production.Key words: fungal, bacterial and viral pathogens, tamarillo.Este estudio tuvo como objetivos identificar los agentes causales asociados con las diferentes patologías en el cultivo de tomate de árbol (Solanum betaceum Cav.) y determinar la prevalencia de las enfermedades en lotes comerciales localizados en las regiones productoras de tomate de árbol en Antioquia, Colombia. Se realizaron monitoreos en las tres principales regiones productoras del departamento de Antioquia, Colombia: el Norte, el Oriente y el Suroeste. Se registraron los síntomas y se muestrearon tejidos para el aislamiento de los patógenos. Para las enfermedades no registradas previamente, se inocularon plántulas de tomate de árbol y se confirmaron los postulados de Koch. Se determinó la prevalencia de cada enfermedad para el periodo de dos años evaluado. Los resultados sugieren que los principales patógenos en Antioquia en condiciones de campo, en el cultivo de tomate de árbol para el periodo evaluado, fueron Phytophthora infestans sensu lato, Alternaria sp., Xanthomonas sp., Colletotrichum sp., Spongospora subterranea, Verticillium sp., Clavibacter sp., Meloidogyne sp. y especies de virus clasificadas en seis géneros: Potyvirus, Cucumovirus, Tospovirus, Tobamovirus, Potexvirus y Polerovirus. El bajo porcentaje de identidad relativa de las secuencias con los virus conocidos amerita una investigación posterior. Las enfermedades identificadas durante los dos años de muestreo corresponden a aquellas que se desarrollaron bajo las condiciones específicas presentes como son el área cultivada, el clima y el manejo agronómico para este periodo de tiempo; por lo tanto, la prevalencia de las enfermedades puede cambiar cada periodo de siembra de acuerdo al modo en que varíen esos parámetros. Clavibacter sp., S. subterranea y Verticillium sp. se informan como nuevos patógenos para este cultivo. El diagnóstico preciso y oportuno, seguido de un manejo oportuno y apropiado de la enfermedad, ayudará a la producción del cultivo de tomate de árbol.Palabras clave: patógenos fungosos, bacterianos y virales, tamarillo

Development and validation of severity scales of avocado wilt complex caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi, Verticillium dahliae and hypoxia-anoxia disorder and their physiological responses in avocado plants

Avocado wilt complex (AWC) is the most important disease in this crop. AWC may be caused by different causal agents that induce similar symptoms. Accurate scales of disease development (SDD) and physiological changes may be of special importance for the diagnosis and management of AWC. The objective of this work was to design and calibrate a specific SDD for the most common causal agents associated with AWC in Colombia, Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands and Verticillium dahliae Klebahn, and the hypoxia-anoxia disorder in both seedlings in net house and adult plants under field conditions. Furthermore, physiological responses to infection were determined. The disease was monitored under field and net house conditions. Shoot symptoms were recorded and quantification of inoculum in infected soil and tissue was performed. The visual scale was described based on external symptoms and calibrated with the inocula values by regression analysis. In the net house, net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration were measured during the different stages of disease development. The three causal agents induced a progressive reduction of net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration. The designed scales can be a valuable tool for epidemiological use and support in the diagnosis and management of AWC