Nontuberculous mycobacteria in milk from positive cows in the intradermal comparative cervical tuberculin test: implications for human tuberculosis infections

Although the tuberculin test represents the main in vivo diagnostic method used in the control and eradication of bovine tuberculosis, few studies have focused on the identification of mycobacteria in the milk from cows positive to the tuberculin test. The aim of this study was to identify Mycobacterium species in milk samples from cows positive to the comparative intradermal test. Milk samples from 142 cows positive to the comparative intradermal test carried out in 4,766 animals were aseptically collected, cultivated on Lowenstein-Jensen and Stonebrink media and incubated for up to 90 days. Colonies compatible with mycobacteria were stained by Ziehl-Neelsen to detect acid-fast bacilli, while to confirm the Mycobacterium genus, conventional PCR was performed. Fourteen mycobacterial strains were isolated from 12 cows (8.4%). The hsp65 gene sequencing identified M. engbaekii (n=5), M. arupense (n=4), M. nonchromogenicum (n=3), and M. heraklionense (n=2) species belong to the Mycobacterium terrae complex. Despite the absence of M. tuberculosis complex species in the milk samples, identification of these mycobacteria highlights the risk of pathogen transmission from bovines to humans throughout milk or dairy products, since many of mycobacterial species described here have been reported in pulmonary and extrapulmonary diseases both in immunocompetent and immunocompromised people

Ocorrência de patógenos de origem bacteriana e viral e marcadores de virulência de Escherichia coli e Rhodococcus equi isolados das fezes de aves silvestres de cativiero da fauna brasileira

The present study investigated the occurrence of Escherichia coli, Rhodococcus equi, Salmonella sp., Coronavirus and Rotavirus in the feces of Passeriformes and psittaciformes belonging to Brazilian wildlife, from 29 different species, without enteric signs. Virulence markers were also investigated in strains of E. coli (cnf1, hlyA, papC, papGI, papGII, papGIII, fimH, afa, sfa, iucD, usp, vt1, vt2, eae, k88) and R. equi (vapA and vapB genes). The birds used in the study came from the Centro de Medicina e Pesquisa em Animais Silvestres (CEMPAS) FMVZ - UNESP / Botucatu, SP, Parque Zoológico Municipal Quinzinho de Barros (PZMQB) Sorocaba, SP and private breeders with birds recorded in Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Renováveis (IBAMA) from Botucatu region, SP. Of the total 152 fecal samples evaluated were isolated 46 (30.26%) strains of E. coli. From these, 37 (80%) were from psittaciformes samples and 9 (20%) of Passeriformes. There was a statistical difference (p <0.05) between groups with greater isolation of E. coli in psittaciformes. Among the virulence markers of E. coli were detected the genes fimH (58,69%) and eae (4,34%). Were isolated 2 (1.32%) R. equi strains, all from psittaciformes. Among these R. equi isolates any vapA and vapB genes associated with virulence were founded. Genetic material of bovine Rotavirus was found in three (1.97%) psittaciformes samples. Salmonella sp. and Coronavírus weren’t identified in any of the sampled birds. The presence of E. coli, R. equi and Rotavirus in fecal samples of wild birds without enteric signs from Brazil wildlife, reinforces the potential of these birds as a reservoirs of pathogens of enteric elimination for humans, due to the presence of these animals in the domestic and peridomestic, environment of humanO presente estudo investigou a ocorrência de Escherichia coli, Rhodococcus equi, Salmonella sp., Coronavírus e Rotavírus nas fezes de Passeriformes e Psitaciformes pertencentes à fauna nacional, de 29 diferentes espécies, sem sinais entéricos. Foram investigados também marcadores de virulência nas linhagens de E. coli (cnf1, hly, papC, papGI, papGII, papGIII, fimH, afa, sfa, iucD, usp, vt1, vt2, eae, k88) e R. equi (genes vapA e vapB). As aves utilizadas no estudo foram provenientes do Centro de Medicina e Pesquisa em Animais Silvestres (CEMPAS) FMVZ - UNESP/ Botucatu, SP, do Parque Zoológico Municipal “Quinzinho de Barros” (PZMQB) de Sorocaba, SP e de criadores particulares com aves registradas no Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Renováveis (IBAMA) da região de Botucatu, SP. Do total de 152 amostras avaliadas foram isoladas 46 (30,26%) linhagens de E. coli das quais 37 (80%) foram provenientes de amostras de Psitaciformes e 9 (20%) de Passeriformes. Houve diferença significante (p<0,05) entre os grupos para o maior isolamento de E. coli nos Psitaciformes. Dentre os marcadores de virulência de E. coli foram detectados os genes fim H (58,69%) e eae (4,34%). Foram isoladas 2 (1,32%) linhagens de R. equi, todas de Psitaciformes. Nestes isolados de R. equi não foram identificados os genes vapA e vapB associados à virulência. Foi encontrado material genético de Rotavírus bovino em três (1,97%) amostras de Psitaciformes. Salmonella sp. e Coronavírus não foram identificados nas aves amostradas. A presença de E. coli, R. equi e Rotavírus em amostras de fezes de aves silvestres, sem sinais entéricos, reforça o potencial destas espécies de servirem como reservatórios de patógenos de eliminação entérica para os humanos, devido à presença destes animais no ambiente domiciliar e peridomicilia

Anti-influenza A virus antibodies in Tayassuidae from commercial rearing farms in Brazil

ABSTRACT: Family Tayassuidae in the suborder Suina include two species of peccaries in Brazil: the white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari) and the collared peccary (Pecari tajacu). These animals share common pathogens with domestic swine (Sus scrofa); however, their role as potential carrier remains unclear. This study focused on detecting the prevalence of influenza A antibodies in Tayassu pecari and Pecari tajacu from commercial rearing farms from two states in Brazil. A set of 50 blood samples from Pecari tajacu and 55 from Tayassu pecari were analyzed using a commercial indirect ELISA in order to investigate anti influenza A antibodies. Pecari tajacu samples presented 22% (11/50) of seropositivity for the virus. Serological surveillance is an important tool to identify the presence and the spread of the influenza virus in feral pigs

Índice de resistência múltipla aos antimicrobianos, concentração inibitória mínima e ESBL fenotípica em linhagens de Proteus mirabilis e Proteus vulgaris isoladas de diferentes afecções em animais domésticos

Proteus spp. are opportunistic multidrug resistant enterobacteria associated with diverse clinical diseases in domestic animals. However, Proteus infections in domestic animals are often misdiagnosed or considered contaminants in microbiological cultures rather than a primary agent of disease. Descriptions of Proteus infections in domestic animals are typically restricted to case reports, retrospective studies, or surveillance of other microorganisms. The present study investigated multiple antibiotic resistance indices, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), and ESBL production in 73 strains of Proteus mirabilis (n = 69) and Proteus vulgaris (n = 4) isolated from domestic animals with various clinical manifestations. In dogs, the pathogen was most commonly associated with cystitis (48.21), enteritis (21.42%), otitis (14.29%), and conjunctivitis (3.57%). In bovines, the microorganism was predominant in cases of enteritis (22.22%), abscess (11.11%), otitis (11.11%), omphalitis (11.11%), and peritonitis (11.11%), and in organ fragments (11.11%). In equines (50.0%) and cats (100.0%), diarrhea was the main clinical sign. In vitro standard disk diffusion assay showed that the most effective antimicrobials against the isolates were imipenem (98.63), norfloxacin (95.89), amikacin (95.89), levofloxacin (90.41), ceftriaxone (87.64), and florfenicol (87.67). In contrast, the isolates commonly showed resistance to novobiocin (95.89), azithromycin (57.53), and trimethropim/sulfamethoxazole (39.73). Among the 73 isolates, the efficacy of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, gentamicin, ceftriaxone, and ciprofloxacin according to MICs was 87.67%, 86.30%, 84.93%, and 82.19%, respectively. The MIC50 values of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, and gentamicin were, respectively, 1.0, 0.004, 0.03, and 1.0 µg/mL. Thirty-three strains (45.21%) showed a antimicrobial multiple resistance index of ? 0.3. Multidrug resistance profiles of isolates were observed most frequently in dogs (n = 25; 75.76%), particularly in those with cystitis (n = 13; 52.0%), followed by bovines (n = 4; 12.12%), equines (n = 2; 6.06%), and cats (n = 2; 6.06%). Two (2.7%) strains, obtained from canine skin and feces, were diagnosed phenotypically as ESBL-producers. Here, we observed the diversity of Proteus infections in domestic animals. The presence of multidrug-resistant isolates and ESBL-producers reinforces the need for appropriate antimicrobial use and in vitro antimicrobial tests to support therapy.Proteus spp. são enterobactérias oportunistas, multirresistentes aos antimicrobianos, associadas a diversas infecções em animais domésticos. No entanto, as infecções por Proteus em animais de produção e de companhia são negligenciadas ou, por vezes, o patógeno é considerado “contaminante”, ainda que em infecções como agente primário. Os registros de infecções por Proteus sp. em animais domésticos estão restritos aos relatos de casos, estudos retrospectivos ou compondo estudos com outros micro-organismos. O presente estudo investigou o índice de resistência múltipla (IRMA) e a concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) de 73 Proteus mirabilis (n=69) e Proteus vulgaris (n=4) a diferentes antimicrobianos, bem com a produção fenotípica de ESBL, em isolados obtidos de várias manifestações clínicas em animais domésticos. Em cães, o micro-organismo foi identificado predominantemente em casos de cistite (48,21%), enterite (21,42%), otite (14,29%) e conjuntivite (3,57%). Nos bovinos, o agente foi isolado predominantemente de casos enterite (22,22%), abscesso (11,11%), otite (11,11%), onfalite (11,11%), peritonite (11,11%), metrite (11,11%) e em fragmento de órgão (11,11%). Nos equinos (50,0%) e felinos (100,0%) o micro-organismo foi isolado principalmente de enterite. A maior sensibilidade dos isolados no teste “in vitro” de difusão com discos foi observada para imipeném (98,63%), norfloxacino (95,89%), amicacina (95,89%), levofloxacino (90,41%), ceftriaxona (87,64%) e florfenicol (87,67%), enquanto a maior resistência das linhagens foi observada para novobiocina (95,89%), azitromicina (57,53%) e sulfametoxazole-trimetropim (39,73%). Dentre as 73 linhagens, a eficácia da amoxicilina/ácido clavulânico, gentamicina, ceftriaxona e ciprofloxacino utilizando o teste de CIM foi, respectivamente, 87,67%, 86,30%, 84,93% e 82,19%. A CIM50 para amoxicilina/ácido clavulânico, ceftriaxona, ciprofloxaicno e gentamicina foi, respectivamente, 1,0 µg/mL, 0,004 µg/mL, 0,03 µg/mL e 1,0 µg/mL. O índice de resistência múltipla aos antimicrobianos (IRMA ? 0,3) foi observado em 33 (45,21%) linhagens, variando entre 0,1 a 1. Entre os isolados com perfis de multirresistência, a maior ocorrência foi observada em cães (n=25; 75,76%), particularmente em animais com cistite (n=13; 52,0%), seguido pelos bovinos (n=4; 12,12%), equinos (n=2; 6,06%) e felinos (n=2; 6,06%). A presença fenotípica de ESBL foi identificada em dois (2,7%) isolados obtidos de dermatite e fezes de cães. Infere-se a diversidade de infecções causadas por Proteus em animais domésticos, a presença de isolados ESBL-positivos e multirresistentes aos antimicrobianos, reforçando a importância da instituição do tratamento do patógeno com respaldo em testes “in vitro” de sensibilidade microbiana e do uso racional de antimicrobianos no tratamento de infecções em animais domésticos

Deforming mandibular osteomyelitis in a cow caused by Trueperella pyogenes

This study reports an unusual case of deforming mandibular osteomyelitis in a cow caused by Trueperella (Arcanobacterium) pyogenes, on the face of the ventrolateral caudal portion of the right branch of the mandible. Fragment aspired of lesion by fine needle allowed cytological characterization, isolation and identification of T. pyogenes. Radiographic examination showed marked periosteal reaction in the right mandible, numerous lytic areas and cortical bone destruction. Despite of treatment based on in vitro antimicrobial sensitivity test, it was recommended the euthanasia due to progressive worsening of the cow's condition. Multiple abscesses were observed in the mandibular region at necropsy. Pyogranuloma was characterized in histological exam. Sampled material collected from the lesion after necropsy resulted in microbiological reisolation of T. pyogenesRelata-se caso incomum de osteomielite mandibular deformante em vaca, causada por Trueperella (Arcanobacterium) pyogenes, na face ventro-lateral da porção caudal do ramo direito da mandíbula. A punção aspirativa de fragmento da lesão permitiu a caracterização citológica, o isolamento microbiano e identificação de T. pyogenes. Exame radiográfico mostrou acentuada reação periodontal na mandíbula direita, com predomínio de áreas líticas e destruição da cortical óssea. Apesar da instituição do tratamento baseado no teste de sensibilidade microbiana in vitro, foi recomendada a eutanásia, em virtude da piora progressiva do estado geral do animal. No exame post-mortem foram observados múltiplos abscessos na lesão que, histologicamente, foi caracterizada como piogranuloma. A colheita de material da região mandibular afetada, após a necropsia, resultou no reisolamento microbiológico de T. pyogenesFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

Successful therapy in unusual generalized Dermatophilus congolensis infection in a calf based on modified in vitro disk diffusion test

<div><p>ABSTRACT: Bovine dermatophilosis is a dermatitis characterized by typical focal or localized lesions with “paintbrush” aspect and occasionally as disseminated cutaneous disease. We report the case of a one-year-old Nelore female with history of chronic cutaneous disseminated lesions that appeared immediately after a rainfall period. Serous to purulent exudates, hair with tufted appearance, hyperkeratotic, non-pruritic, hardened, yellowish to brown, and coalescent crusty lesions were observed distributed all over its body. Removal of the crusts revealed ulcerated or hemorrhagic areas, with irregular elevated crusts like “paintbrush”. Microbiological diagnosis enabled the identification of a microorganism, the Dermatophilus congolensis. Despite disseminated and chronic lesions, we obtained a successful therapy with parenteral therapy using long-acting tetracycline based on modified in vitro disk diffusion test. The present report highlights success therapy in uncommon generalized bovine dermatophilosis with selection of first-choice drugs based on modified in vitro susceptibility test, and need of responsible use of antimicrobials in livestock.</p></div